Regional oceans governance mechanisms: A review

The development of regional governance for the protection of the environment, sustainable use of natural resources and conservation of its biodiversity is unquestionably a cornerstone of international environmental law and policy. With regard to marine and coastal issues, it has mainly been taking place through Regional Seas programmes, Regional Fishery Bodies and Large Marine Ecosystems mechanisms. Based on a similar geographical approach, however, these regional mechanisms raise concerns relating to their coordination and efficiency, and possibly overlap in what they aim to achieve. This paper provides a review of existing regional oceans governance mechanisms, assessing their individual and collective capacities to move towards ecosystem-based management, and highlighting options to make the regional landscape more coherent and effective.     

裂片石莼营养价值的评价及其多糖制备的初步研究

对采自福建的野生裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)进行了分类学鉴定和营养价值评估;采用微波加热新方法,进一步研究了裂片石莼多糖提取工艺。研究结果表明,裂片石莼的总糖、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸和总脂含量分别为34.38%、27.60%、25.20%、11.70%;其必需氨基酸含量为10.0%,氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)=79.77;裂片石莼的重金属元素含量达到国家海藻制品的限量标准。研究结果还表明,通过正交实验优化微波加热提取工艺,与传统加热提取工艺相比,裂片石莼多糖的得率提高了21.35%,而耗能降低了58.51%。     

基于DBBC＋Mark5B记录系统的脉冲星观测

2009年11月,云南天文台射电天文研究团组采用40m射电望远镜以及基于DBBC（Digital Base Band Conveter）和Mark5B的VLBI记录系统对PSRJ08354510和PSRJ0332＋5434进行了观测。观测选用S波段右旋圆极化信号,起始频率为2206．99MHz,总带宽为32MHz。对数据进行相干消色散和平均后,得到PSRJ0332＋5434的单脉冲图像和两颗脉冲星的平均脉冲轮廓。由平均轮廓的展宽随时间的变化关系,对脉冲星的视周期作了一定修正后,得到信噪比更高的平均轮廓图。最后对轮廓的信噪比随时间的变化作了初步分析,由此可了解整个系统在观测时的稳定性。     

The opposition and tilt effects of Saturn’s rings from HST observations

The two major factors contributing to the opposition brightening of Saturn’s rings are (i) the intrinsic brightening of particles due to coherent backscattering and/or shadow hiding on their surfaces, and (ii) the reduced interparticle shadowing when the solar phase angle α → 0°. We utilize the extensive set of Hubble Space Telescope observations (Cuzzi, J.N., French, R.G., Dones, L. [2002]. Icarus 158, 199–223) for different elevation angles B and wavelengths λ to disentangle these contributions. We assume that the intrinsic contribution is independent of B, so that any B dependence of the phase curves is due to interparticle shadowing, which must also act similarly for all λ’s. Our study complements that of Poulet et al. (Poulet, F., Cuzzi, J.N., French, R.G., Dones, L. [2002]. Icarus 158, 224), who used a subset of data for a single B ∼ 10°, and the French et al. (French, R.G., Verbiscer, A., Salo, H., McGhee, C.A., Dones, L. [2007b] PASP 119, 623–642) study for the B ∼ 23° data set that included exact opposition. We construct a grid of dynamical/photometric simulation models, with the method of Salo and Karjalainen (Salo and Karjalainen [2003]. Icarus 164, 428–460), and use these simulations to fit the elevation-dependent part of opposition brightening. Eliminating the modeled interparticle component yields the intrinsic contribution to the opposition effect: for the B and A rings it is almost entirely due to coherent backscattering; for the C ring, an intraparticle shadow hiding contribution may also be present.Based on our simulations, the width of the interparticle shadowing effect is roughly proportional to B. This follows from the observation that as B decreases, the scattering is primarily from the rarefied low filling factor upper ring layers, whereas at larger B’s the dense inner parts are visible. Vertical segregation of particle sizes further enhances this effect. The elevation angle dependence of interparticle shadowing also explains most of the B ring tilt effect (the increase of brightness with elevation). From comparison of the magnitude of the tilt effect at different filters, we show that multiple scattering can account for at most a 10% brightness increase as B → 26°, whereas the remaining 20% brightening is due to a variable degree of interparticle shadowing. The negative tilt effect of the middle A ring is well explained by the the same self-gravity wake models that account for the observed A ring azimuthal brightness asymmetry (Salo, H., Karjalainen, R., French, R.G. [2004]. Icarus 170, 70–90; French, R.G., Salo, H., McGhee, C.A., Dones, L. [2007]. Icarus 189, 493–522).     

大气折射指数的结构参数与北方5～9月降雨的强相关现象

基于中荷合作项目"建立关于荒漠化和粮食保障的中国能量与水平衡监测系统"(CEWBMS),在国家卫星气象中心和国家林业总局的支持下,乾安大孔径闪烁仪于1999年10月安装并正式运行.利用2000-2005年5～9月大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)观测的大气折射指数的结构参数Cn2,采用独立性检验,证实了Cn2的高低与未来32h是否出现降雨(晴雨)存在显著相关关系.结合乾安气象站的有关气象观测数据,初步选择Cn2白天值以及夜间值以Cn2的24 h变量作为预报依据,建立基于Cn2预报未来32h晴雨的预报流程;并利用2006年Cn2的观测数据,依照预报流程对2006年进行了回报预报试验,正确率为42/47.     

基于气枪震源信号的云南漾濞MS6.4地震前后波速变化

本文基于宾川气枪地震信号发射台激发的地震波信号,利用线性叠加和时频域相位加权叠加方法提高信噪比,通过反褶积、插值拟合和波形互相关等方法,获得2021年漾濞M;6.4地震前后气枪震源初至波信号走时变化特征.结果表明两种叠加方法得到的走时变化趋势基本一致,在沿发震断裂带附近的3个台站观测到的初至波走时延迟为7.3~14.4 ms,在射线路径上平均波速降低了0.08%~0.12%,距离震中位置较远的台站走时延迟为2~6 ms.分析认为,观测到的走时变化主要是漾濞M;6.4地震引起强地面运动造成浅层介质疏松、同震破裂导致震源区地下介质裂隙增加和地下流体侵入等共同作用造成,相关研究成果有助于加深和促进对此次地震震源物理过程的认识和了解.     

Paleo-oil reservoir pyrolysis and gas release in the Yangtze Block imply an alternative mechanism for the Late Permian Crisis

The causes of the global mass extinction that occurred around the Permian–Triassic boundary have been widely studied through the geological record and in various locations. The results show that volcanic activity was a key factor in initiating the crisis during the Late Permian. Compared to other thermal events triggered by volcanic activity, pyrolysis of petroleum in Pre-Permian reservoirs has rarely been suggested as a significant source of the greenhouse gases that caused the mass extinction. In this study, geochemical analysis is carried out of a huge paleo-oil reservoir in the Yangtze Block (YB), South China. The detection of mineral inclusions and pyrobitumens is evidence of rapid pyrolysis of accumulated oil in the Ediacaran reservoir. New evidence from hydrothermal minerals and the presence of domain mesophase in the pyrobitumen suggest that the pyrolysis process occurred abruptly and that greenhouse gases were rapidly released through venting pipes. The dating of such a complex geological event in this old and deeply buried reservoir is inevitably difficult and potentially unreliable. However, cross-validation of the multiple evidence sources, including hydrothermal minerals and domain mesophase, indicates that the rapid oil pyrolysis must have been driven by a major thermal event. Reconstruction of burial and thermal histories suggests that the thermal event was most likely to have been triggered by the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), which was in a period of significant volcanic activity during the Late Permian. Massive volumes of gases, including methane, carbon dioxide, and possibly hydrogen sulfide, were released, causing a significant increase in greenhouse gases that may have contributed to global warming and the resulting mass extinction during the Late Permian Crisis (LPC).     

The Permian mafic intrusive events in the northwestern margin of the Tarim Basin and their tectonic significanceSCIEI北大核心CSCD

塔里木大火成岩省是我国境内发现的两个重要的二叠纪大火成省之一,不仅有大规模的溢流相玄武岩喷发,还有复杂多样的侵入岩及其组合。以往的研究主要集中在二叠系等显生宙地层发育区,对于前寒武系等古老层系中是否存在二叠纪岩浆侵入未引起重视。本文通过野外地质调查,在阿克苏地区前寒武系中识别出数条侵入南华系的基性岩墙和较大规模侵入震旦系的基性岩床。岩墙、岩床与围岩之间均显示出典型的侵入接触关系,包括岩体内部结晶粗、边部结晶细的淬冷边结构、岩床顶底面显著的切层现象以及包裹围岩团块等;显微镜下观察表明,辉绿岩具有典型的辉绿结构和嵌晶含长结构。锆石U-Pb年代学结果表明,侵入下震旦统的辉绿岩岩床和侵入南华系的辉绿岩岩墙的侵位时代在误差范围内基本一致,约为290Ma。岩石地球化学特征表明,辉绿岩岩床具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的稀土及微量元素配分模式,结合Sr-Nb-Pb同位素测试结果,认为它们来源于碳酸盐化的富集型岩石圈地幔部分熔融,而辉绿岩岩墙具有Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等负异常的地球化学特征,可能来自曾被俯冲相关流体/熔体交代的岩石圈地幔源区。本文的早二叠世辉绿岩岩床和岩墙的形成时代、岩浆源区和岩浆演化...     

大孔径闪烁仪观测中的相似理论适用性分析

利用2009年馆陶站(1-12月)和阿柔站(1-6月和10-11月)的大孔径闪烁仪LAS相关数据,分析了LAS观测中莫宁—奥布霍夫相似理论MOST理论的适用性,并探讨了MOST理论适用性的定量判断方法.结果表明:(1)在不稳定条件下,大尺度涡旋运动、大气湍流发展状况和温度尺度都能对MOST理论适用性产生显著影响;(2)确立了两种新的MOST理论适用性判断方法,即因子分析法和温度结构参数法,并验证了这两种判断方法是合理、可靠的.     

青藏高原大地形对华南持续性暴雨影响的数值试验

利用新一代中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.2及NCEP/NCAR 逐日4次1°×1°的FNL再分析资料,通过有、无青藏高原以及将高原高度降低到临界高度的数值试验,研究了青藏高原大地形对我国华南地区2010 年5 月一次持续性暴雨过程的影响。试验结果表明:高原大地形对降水的影响显著,随着高原高度的升高,降水增多,高原以东地区的雨带也由北向南移动;高原地形的机械阻挡作用使迎风坡一侧的近地面层附近为强上升运动,背风坡为下沉运动,并分别对应降水的峰值和谷值区;高原对西风气流的爬流、绕流作用明显,高原升高后爬坡作用减弱,以绕流作用为主;高原的加热作用使气流过高原时南支减弱,北支加强,并加强了高原及其东部地区低层的正涡度和高层的负涡度,使高原上空为强烈的上升运动;高原的热力作用使西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南、偏西并稳定维持;高原大地形对形成稳定的高原季风环流圈有重要作用;高原地形高度的作用有利于定常波的形成,波动中心对应强上升运动,形成降水的大值区,稳定维持的定常波使得降水持续集中在同一地区,造成持续性暴雨。