中层顶区Na原子分布昼夜变化的模拟研究

Na原子可以作为大气动力学过程（如潮汐波、重力波等）的示踪剂，因而对Na层的探测研究成为研究中层顶区的重要手段. 本文建立了时变的中高层大气光化学模式，并与国际电离层模式 (IRI 95) 与Na层光化学理论相结合，建立完整时变的中高层大气Na层光化学模式,着重研究Na层分布的昼夜变化. 计算结果表明，在Na原子分布的峰值附近，Na层不出现大的昼夜变化，而在Na层的上部和下部，Na原子密度存在明显的昼夜变化. 这些特性与实际的观测结果比较一致.     

夏季青藏高原加热和环流场的日变化

通过使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了夏季青藏高原地区非绝热加热场的日变化特征以及高原上空环流场的日变化特点。分析发现青藏高原及其邻近地区上空环流的日变化在欧亚地区大气环流系统中表现最为显著。环流日变化是被非绝热加热的日变化所驱动的,特别是被太阳辐射日变化所驱动。由于高原上空大气柱质量远小于低海拔的平原地区,故太阳辐射日变化引起的加热日变化可在高原地区产生更为显著的环流日变化。通过位涡方程的诊断证实,白天高原加热增强,可在大气上层制造大量负位涡并向周边地区辐散,使高原地区大气高层成为负涡源。而低层则是加热制造正位涡,并使周边地区向高原的辐合增强,摩擦耗散是低层抑制正位涡增长的主要因素。而夜间加热减弱使高原对局地环流的影响作用大为减弱。故而高原及其周边地区的局地环流也具有明显的日变化特征。     

乾陵地震台地电场日变化特征及干扰因素分析

该文对陕西乾陵地震台地电场日变化特征和常见的干扰因素进行分析。研究结果表明,地电场静日变化具有较为典型的单峰双谷形态,在发生地电暴时,高频成分明显增加,日变幅比静日有较大幅度的增加;存在的干扰主要是高压直流输电干扰、工业游散电流影响等;也有大风、降雨和雷电自然因素干扰;高压直流输电影响幅度的大小与入地电流的大小、距离及地下介质等因素有关;其他方面的干扰,是局部、短时间内电磁环境的变化而影响地电场的变化。     

Influence of diurnal cycles on metal concentrations and loads in streams draining abandoned mine lands: an example from High Ore Creek,Montana

Diurnal water samples were collected simultaneously at four locations along High Ore Creek (Montana, USA), a small stream with near-neutral pH that contains elevated concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cd, and As from abandoned mines near its headwaters. During the same time period, two sets of synoptic samples were collected by workers moving in opposite directions along the stream. Large diurnal fluctuations in Zn concentration were found at three of the 24-h monitoring stations, but not at the outlet to a settling pond. Because the concentrations of Zn were dropping at most locations in the creek during the day (in response to the daily cycle of day-time attenuation and night-time release), the synoptic sampler who moved upstream obtained a data set that led to the conclusion that Zn load increased with distance downstream. The sampler who moved in a downstream direction obtained the opposite results. Thus, failure to take short-term diurnal cycling into account can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding spatial or temporal trends in water quality within a watershed.     

Local diurnal upwelling driven by sea breezes in northern Monterey Bay

Sea breezes often have significant impacts on nearshore physical and biological processes. We document the effects of a diurnal sea breeze on the nearshore thermal structure and circulation of northern Monterey Bay, California, using an array of moorings during the summer upwelling season in 2006. Moorings were equipped with thermistors and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) to measure temperature and currents along the inner shelf in the bay. Temperature and current data were characteristic of traditional regional scale upwelling conditions along the central California coast during the study period. However, large diurnal fluctuations in temperature (up to 5 °C) were observed at all moorings inshore of the 60-m isobath. Examination of tidal, current, temperature, and wind records revealed that the observed temperature fluctuations were the result of local diurnal upwelling, and not a result of nearshore mixing events. Westerly diurnal sea breezes led to offshore Ekman transport of surface waters. Resulting currents in the upper mixed layer were up to 0.10 m s⁻¹ directed offshore during the afternoon upwelling period. Surface water temperatures rapidly decreased in response to offshore advection of surface waters and upwelling of cold, subsurface water, despite occurring in the mid-afternoon during the period of highest solar heat flux. Surface waters then warmed again during the night and early morning as winds relaxed and the upwelling shadow moved back to shore due to an unbalanced onshore pressure gradient. Examination of season-long, moored time series showed that local diurnal upwelling is a common, persistent feature in this location. Local diurnal upwelling may supply nutrients to nearshore kelp beds, and transport larvae to nearshore habitats.     

Influence of surface forcing on near-surface and mixing layer turbulence in the tropical Indian Ocean

An autonomous upwardly-moving microstructure profiler was used to collect measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε) in the tropical Indian Ocean during a single diurnal cycle, from about 50 m depth to the sea surface. This dataset is one of only a few to resolve upper ocean ε over a diurnal cycle from below the active mixing layer up to the air–sea interface. Wind speed was weak with an average value of ~5 m s⁻¹ and the wave field was swell-dominated. Within the wind and wave affected surface layer (WWSL), ε values were on the order of 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁶ W kg⁻¹ at a depth of 0.75 m and when averaged, were almost a factor of two above classical law of the wall theory, possibly indicative of an additional source of energy from the wave field. Below this depth, ε values were closer to wall layer scaling, suggesting that the work of the Reynolds stress on the wind-induced vertical shear was the major source of turbulence within this layer. No evidence of persistent elevated near-surface ε characteristic of wave-breaking conditions was found. Profiles collected during night-time displayed relatively constant ε values at depths between the WWSL and the base of the mixing layer, characteristic of mixing by convective overturning. Within the remnant layer, depth-averaged values of ε started decaying exponentially with an e-folding time of 47 min, about 30 min after the reversal of the total surface net heat flux from oceanic loss to gain.     

Diurnal Sea surface temperature response to tropical cyclone Dahlia in the Eastern tropical Indian Ocean in 2017 revealed by the Bailong buoy

Tropical Cyclone (TC) Dahlia occurred adjacent to over the equatorial southeastern Indian Ocean during the period 26 November – 3 December 2017 and was observed by the Bailong buoy, which provides in situ observations of high-frequency variations in the upper ocean environment. The diurnal sea surface temperature (dSST) variabilities during different stages of the passage of TC Dahlia are studied. The dSST variability is rather weak during the TC passing stage in contrast to the strong ranges before (0.35 °C) and after (0.57 °C) the TC. Before the influence of TC Dahlia, the dSST presented significant regular variability with a peak in the afternoon and minimum value in the morning, which is similar to the even larger range that occurred after TC Dahlia. During the passage of TC Dahlia, dSST decreased dramatically, and a uniform variation was presented due to the absence of strong heat fluxes and stirring and upwelling induced by strong winds. Further analysis through a one-dimensional mixed layer model (Price-Weller-Pinkel, PWP) indicated that the dominant elements responsible for the different dSST variations during distinct stages of TC Dahlia were shortwave radiation and surface wind, which strongly impacted the dSST evolution during TC Dahlia. The asymmetrical wind strength was responsible for the asymmetry of dSST variation.     

中国暖季短时强降水分布和日变化特征及其与中尺度对流系统日变化关系分析

短时强降水是强对流天气的一类.基于中国国家气象信息中心质量控制后的1991-2009年876个基本基准气象站整点逐时降水资料,通过不同时段的发生时次频率分析,给出了中国暖季(4-9月)不小于10、20、30、40、50 mm/h短时强降水的时空分布特征,并重点同利用静止气象卫星红外相当黑体亮度温度(T_BB)资料获得的中尺度对流系统(MCS)日变化特征进行了对比分析.结果表明,中国短时强降水时次频率地理分布同暴雨(≥50mm/d)分布都非常相似,但50mm/h以上的短时强降水时次频率非常低,地理分布差异显着.短时强降水发生频率最高的区域为华南,其次为云南南部、四川盆地、贵州南部、江西和长江下游等地.最大降水强度可超过180mm/h(海南);在短时强降水发生频率很低的区域,也有超过50mm/h的强降水.从月际变化来看,7月最为活跃,其次为8月.逐候变化显示,短时强降水具有显着的间歇性发展特征(跳跃性分布的特征),但总体上呈现缓慢增强、迅速减弱的特点;以7月第4候最为活跃.中国总体平均的短时强降水的频率和最大强度的日变化有3个峰值,主峰在午后(16-17时,北京时),次峰在午夜后(01-02时)和早晨(07-08时);中午前后(10-13时)最不活跃.中国短时强降水和中尺度对流系统的日变化特征基本一致,但午夜后时段二者存在较大差异.不同区域的短时强降水和中尺度对流系统日变化具有不同的活跃时段和传播特征,具有单峰型、双峰型、多峰型和持续活跃型等日变化类型,这不仅与较大尺度的天气系统环流相关,且与地势、海陆等地理分布密切相关.     

Extracting fair-weather data from atmospheric electric-field observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica

At Syowa Station (69.0°S, 39.6°E), located on East Ongul Island near the continent of Antarctica, atmospheric electric-field observations started in 1968 and had been carried out intermittently. An improved electric-field mill at Syowa Station had and obtained better-quality atmospheric electric-field data from February 2005 to January 2006. After a 1-year interruption, the observations resumed in January 2007.The atmospheric electric-field data from Syowa Station are often contaminated due to local disturbances caused by near-ground meteorological phenomena. We examined correlations between the atmospheric electric field and near-ground weather from February 2005 to January 2006 and from February 2007 to January 2008, and proposed a criterion to extract “fair-weather” electric-field data based on wind speed and cloud coverage data. The diurnal variation of fair-weather data in January followed the shape of the so-called Carnegie curve. Fair-weather data obtained during a substorm showed some correspondence between the atmospheric electric field and variations in the geomagnetic field. This newly developed extraction method may enable the use of atmospheric electric-field data for studying the solar terrestrial environment.     

Latitudinal Variations of Diurnal Meteor Rates

The presence of a diurnal variation in meteor activity is well established. The sporadic meteor count rates are higher on the local dawn side and lower on the local dusk side. This phenomenon is caused by the Earth’s orbital motion and rotation. Meteor radar measurements have been compared from Esrange, Kiruna, Sweden, at 68° N, from Juliusruh, Germany, at 55° N, and from Ascension Island, at 8° S, to investigate how the diurnal variation depends on season at different latitudes. Data have been used from vernal and autumnal equinoxes and summer and winter solstices to locate the largest seasonal differences.