模拟引潮力作用下的岩石破裂特征──加卸载响应比理论的实验研究之一

根据加卸载响应比理论,选用纵波速度作为响应参数,在实验室内,在模拟构造应力和引潮力的共同作用下,使岩石失稳破裂．在整个过程中测量纵波在岩石中的走时或速度,发现加卸载响应比Ｙ的值,在系统稳定时近于１;而在失稳前,逐渐增加,最大可达到１０．实验结果和理论预测曲线非常相近．认为可用纵波速度的响应比来表示岩石系统的稳定程度．     

计算最小走时和射线路径的界面网全局方法

用慢度分块均匀正方形模型将介质参数化,仅在正方形单元的边界上设置计算结点,这些结点构成界面网．根据Ｈｕｖｓｅｎｓ和Ｆｅｒｍａｔ原理,由不断扩张、收缩的波前点扫描代替波前面搜索,在波前点附近点的局部最小走时计算中对波前点之间的走时使用双曲线近似,通过比较确定最小走时和相应的次级源位置,记录在以界面网点位置为指针的３个一维数组中．借助这些数组通过向源搜索可计算任意点（包括界面网以外的点）上的全局最小走时和射线路径．这一方法不受介质慢度差异大小限制,占内存少,计算速度较快,适于走时反演和以Ｍａｓｌｏｖ射线理论为基础的波场计算．     

顾及地块时空特点的地籍数据组织及查询

通过分析地块变更的时空变化过程,总结出具有父子关系的时态地块的空间相交性和时间相接性特点,归纳出查询这种关系的约束条件。利用扩展时空复合模型和元组时区标记,借助于变更地块的约束条件,设计出查询变更地块的时态链算法。     

突变理论在工程地质中的应用

本文说明了突变理论应用于工程地质中的一般方法。着重通过实例介绍尖点突变理论在工程地质中的应用现状,其中包括用突变理论评价层状结构斜坡、地下洞室的顶板冒落及活断层的稳定性,以及斜坡失稳的时间预报等问题。同时对其应用前景作了展望。     

纵横波独立成像的弹性波逆时偏移方法

本文采用逆时递推,在空间域完成纵横波分离,同时实现了位移场成像和纵、横波的独立成像。模拟数据与实际资料试算表明,对纵波和横波分别成像不仅有理论意义,而且有明显的应用价值。文中还就偏移速度对成像结果的影响和实际资料的预处理问题进行了讨论。     

地电故障数据处理系统

地电故障数据处理系统软件研制的目的在于当地电仪器出现故障,无法采集到仪器内存中原始数据时,能根据地电纸带上仅有的一些原始数据,利用该系统可以准确、快速、方面地转换成特定格式的数据文件,及时上报至中国地震局。该系统的开发,将会减轻台站工作人员的负担,杜绝了数据格式的不正解性,防止了数据迟报现象的发生。     

基于改进的OBV模型的下击暴流风荷载模拟

下击暴流是雷暴天气产生的近地面短时强风,具有和大气边界层近地风显著不同的风场特征,其风荷载数值模拟方法也和常规风荷载模拟方法不同。在将下击暴流风速表达为时变的平均风速和调制的非平稳脉动风速之和的前提下,本文采用基于改进的OBV模型（Oseguera and Bowles／Vicroy（OBV））的方法来模拟平均风速,其平均风速直接由改进的OBV模型表达,而不同于已往研究中将平均风速表达为竖向风剖面与时间函数的乘积,并采用结合快速傅里叶变化的谐波叠加法来模拟调制的非平稳脉动风速。改进的OBV模型考虑了下击暴流的风暴中心移动和强度演化的影响,更准确地描述了下击暴流的实际物理过程。通过实例仿真,说明结果准确合理。     

Observations and modelling of the travel time delay and leading negative phase of the 16 September 2015 Illapel,Chile tsunami

The systematic discrepancies in both tsunami arrival time and leading negative phase (LNP) were identified for the recent transoceanic tsunami on 16 September 2015 in Illapel, Chile by examining the wave characteristics from the tsunami records at 21 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) sites and 29 coastal tide gauge stations. The results revealed systematic travel time delay of as much as 22 min (approximately 1.7％ of the total travel time) relative to the simulated long waves from the 2015 Chilean tsunami. The delay discrepancy was found to increase with travel time. It was difficult to identify the LNP from the near-shore observation system due to the strong background noise, but the initial negative phase feature became more obvious as the tsunami propagated away from the source area in the deep ocean. We determined that the LNP for the Chilean tsunami had an average duration of 33 min, which was close to the dominant period of the tsunami source. Most of the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phase were approximately 40％, with the largest equivalent to the first positive phase amplitude. We performed numerical analyses by applying the corrected long wave model, which accounted for the effects of seawater density stratification due to compressibility, self-attraction and loading (SAL) of the earth, and wave dispersion compared with observed tsunami waveforms. We attempted to accurately calculate the arrival time and LNP, and to understand how much of a role the physical mechanism played in the discrepancies for the moderate transoceanic tsunami event. The mainly focus of the study is to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each secondary physical effect to the systematic discrepancies using the corrected shallow water model. Taking all of these effects into consideration, our results demonstrated good agreement between the observed and simulated waveforms. We can conclude that the corrected shallow water model can reduce the tsunami propagation speed and reproduce the LNP, which is observed for tsunamis that have propagated over long distances frequently. The travel time delay between the observed and corrected simulated waveforms is reduced to <8 min and the amplitude discrepancy between them was also markedly diminished. The incorporated effects amounted to approximately 78％ of the travel time delay correction, with seawater density stratification, SAL, and Boussinesq dispersion contributing approximately 39％, 21％, and 18％, respectively. The simulated results showed that the elastic loading and Boussinesq dispersion not only affected travel time but also changed the simulated waveforms for this event. In contrast, the seawater stratification only reduced the tsunami speed, whereas the earth's elasticity loading was responsible for LNP due to the depression of the seafloor surrounding additional tsunami loading at far-field stations. This study revealed that the traditional shallow water model has inherent defects in estimating tsunami arrival, and the leading negative phase of a tsunami is a typical recognizable feature of a moderately strong transoceanic tsunami. These results also support previous theory and can help to explain the observed discrepancies.     

四川地区季节性水文负荷对地壳变形及活动断裂带应力应变的影响

利用四川地区GNSS观测数据研究该地区季节性负荷位移场及季节性负荷应力应变场,并结合降水数据分析该地区季节性水文负荷对地壳变形及活动断裂带附近应力应变的影响.结果表明,四川地区地表发生的季节性位移与降水之间存在很强的时空相关性;水文负荷周期性变化产生的负荷应力扰动对活动断裂带的应力积累模式具有一定的调节作用,进而影响活...     

一种削弱区域CORS站坐标时间序列非线性变化的方法

为削弱测站非线性变化对速度场模型和噪声模型的影响,提出一种EMD分解与环境负载改正相结合的方法,利用徐州区域10个CORS站近2 a(2016-06～2018-05)的时间序列对该方法进行验证.首先利用Bernese软件解算测站坐标时间序列,对去线性项的时间序列进行EMD分解,重构周期项和残差项;然后利用GFZ发布的环...