电阻率横向剖面探测走滑断层的数值模拟研究

本文从走滑断层难以探测的实际出发,讨论了其物性特征。通过对实际模型的数值模拟,讨论了纵、横向剖面电阻率的变化特征。数值模拟结果证明横向剖面和纵向剖面相比在断层探测中有明显的优越性,为走滑断层探测提出了新的思路。     

Reviewing pre-TRANSALP DSS models

The interpretation of DSS (deep seismic soundings) profiles in Central and Eastern Alps is recalled in the paper and the models of the lower crust and Moho proposed several years ago are compared to the results of the TRANSALP seismic reflection profile. This evaluation highlights a good agreement as far as the geometry of the deep crustal structure is concerned. Therefore, the reliability of the interpretative models, previously exclusively based on DSS profiles, becomes improved. The deep structure beneath the whole Alpine range is examined reconsidering the map of the Moho boundary and the structural model already proposed for the central-eastern sector. Five main interpretative transects are put side by side, starting from the Western Alps and moving eastwards to the Swiss–Lombardian Central Alps (“European Geotraverse”), to the cross section from southern Bavaria to the Euganei Hills, to the TRANSALP profile, and finally to the easternmost profile available so far (southern Bavaria–Trieste). The comparison outlines lateral variations of the deep crustal structure as well as a sharp contrast between the Adria and the European lower crust and Moho. The transition from the Adria plate to the Dinaric domain remains, up to now, undefined.     

Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Iullemmeden Basin in Nigeria (West Africa)

The Iullemmeden Basin (Mali-Niger-Benin-Nigeria) of tectono-epeirogenic origin was invaded several times by epicontinental transgressions during the Cretaceous and Paleocene.Three major subdivisions are recognized in the Nigerian section of the basin (the “Sokoto Basin”): (1) the lower, continental beds (= Continental Intercalaire) of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age, (2) intermediate marine and brackish water deposits and (3) “Continental T Terminal” of upper Eocene-Miocene age.The geology of the Iullemmeden Basin is reviewed and updated. The relationships between the “Continental Intercalaire” of francophone authors and the Illo and Gundumi Formations are analysed and the type sections of the latter described. It is suggested that the Illo and Gundumi Formations are lateral equivalents.Detailed information on the formations of the Maastrichtian Rima Group is presented. It is concluded that there is no age difference of consequence between the Paleocene Dange, Kalambaina and Gamba Formations.The epicontinental transgressions are interpreted as coming from the north-east, east of the Hoggar massif during the Cenomanian and Turonian and west of the Hoggar during the Maastrichtian and Paleocene. The Sokoto Paleocene molluscan fauna is considered to be terminal Paleocene to Eocene and somewhat younger than the Ewekoro association of coastal Nigeria.A new interpretation of the Continental Terminal is presented. The structural history of the Sokoto Basin is reviewed and partly re-interpreted in the light of new field evidence.     

Structural development of the Hastings Block and tectonic implications for the southern New England Orogen

Abstract

The shape and structural development of the box-like Parrabel Dome (PD) within the Hastings Block is poorly understood because it has only been weakly cleaved, complexly folded and extensively faulted in comparison to the adjoining blocks. Better characterising this block will provide important controls on the tectonics of the southern New England Orogen. The structural development of the PD and southern Hastings Block (SHB) provides evidence of the degree of rotation, translation and deformation of the Hastings Block, a key terrane within the southern New England Orogen. A major decollement under the Hastings Block–Nambucca Block was suggested to facilitate south-directed deformation caused by the developing Coffs Harbour Orocline. The orientation of bedding and the stratigraphic facing of some fault blocks within the northern Hastings Block (NHB) are consistent with development of the PD, while other fault blocks indicate significant disruption of the NHB prior to, during and after dome development. A deep-seated fault is suggested by the gravity worm analysis consistent with the boundary zone between the PD, NHB-Yarrowitch Block and the east-dipping and younging sequences in the SHB. The eastern limb of the PD underwent clockwise rotation after formation. Fault blocks have been rotated and translated within a restraining bend as the NHB moved post-PD formation northwest along the interface between the NHB and SHB.

1. KEY POINTS

2. The Hastings Block was translated and rotated into its current position from the southeastern end of the Tamworth Belt.

3. Gravity worm data indicate a boundary between northern and southern Hastings Block.

4. The Hastings and Nambucca blocks have been detached from the basement Gondwana rocks.

5. Fault block analysis within the Parrabel Dome, northern Hastings Block indicates relocation of some blocks by faulting.

     

Assessment of thermal evolution of Paleozoic successions of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Poland is considered the most prospective country for shale gas production in Europe. Hydrocarbon generation/expulsion scenarios, drawn in the latest intensive exploration phases, tend to overestimate maturation levels when compared with brand new data acquired after recent drillings. We tested an integrated workflow to correlate published and original thermal maturity datasets for the Paleozoic to Jurassic successions cropping out in the Holy Cross Mountains. These successions, when preserved in subsurface, host the major source rocks in the area. The application of the workflow allowed us to highlight the burial and thermal evolutionary scenarios of the two tectono-stratigraphic blocks of the Holy Cross Mountains (Łysogòry and Kielce blocks) and to propose this approach as a tool for reducing levels of uncertainty in thermal maturity assessment of Paleozoic successions worldwide. In particular, published datasets including colour alteration indexes of Paleozoic microfossils (conodont, acritarchs) and vitrinite and graptolite reflectance data, show differences in levels of thermal maturity for the Łysogòry (mid mature to overmature) and Kielce (immature to late mature) blocks. Original data, derived from optical analysis, pyrolysis, and Raman spectroscopy on kerogen, and X-Ray diffraction on fine-grained sediments, mostly confirm and integrate published data distribution. 1D thermal models, constrained by these data, show burial and exhumation events of different magnitude, during the Late Cretaceous, for the Łysogòry (maximum burial depths of 9 km) and Kielce (burial depths of 6 km) blocks that have been related to the Holy Cross Fault polyphase activity. In the end, Palynomorph Darkness Index and Raman spectroscopy on kerogen, for Llandoverian and Cambrian rocks, turned out to be promising tools for assessing thermal maturity of Paleozoic organic facies devoid of vitrinite macerals.     

新疆年降水量的时空变化特征

根据新疆1961—2005年88个气象站点的年降水量资料,采用气候趋势系数、Kendall-τ检验、REOF/RPCA、Morlet小波分析以及交叉谱分析等方法,分析了新疆年降水量的变化趋势,并对年降水量场进行客观分区。新疆年降水量场可划分为6个子区域:北疆西部及北疆沿天山型、中天山及吐鲁番盆地型、南疆西部型、北疆北部及东天山型、塔里木盆地型、南疆东南部型。在此基础上,研究了新疆年降水量变化的区域特征和年代际、年际变化的多时间尺度的周期特征,并分析了各子气候区平均年降水量变化之间的相关关系。结果表明,新疆大部分区域最干旱时段在1960—1970年代。1980年代以来,除沙漠盆地外,新疆年降水不同程度地呈现出显著增加趋势。新疆各子气候区平均年降水量的年代际或年际周期变化并非均相同,而且具有显著的6年准耦合振荡。北疆西部沿天山与中天山在多个频域段上具有显著的耦合振荡,其次是与北疆北部及东天山也具有较好的耦合振荡,与南疆西部具有显著的5,6年的反位相耦合振荡,与塔里木盆地仅在6年周期中具有显著的反位相耦合关系。除6年的耦合振荡外,新疆年降水量自然气候分区的异常变化大多从北向南,从西向东依次出现。     

综合测井在陕西商南县光石沟花岗伟晶岩型铀矿勘探开发中的应用效果

花岗伟晶岩型铀矿床是一种重要的铀矿化类型,其矿化层严格受到花岗伟晶岩脉控制,矿化层围岩为片岩、片麻岩和混合岩等。花岗伟晶岩脉由硅质物肢结,坚硬质密,不透水,其测井结果表现为高电阻和高自然伽玛特征。而其围岩片岩、片麻岩和混合岩层理和解理非常发育,并富含层间水,测井结果表现为低自然伽玛、低电阻和低自然电位异常特征。花岗伟晶岩型铀矿含矿层与其围岩物性差异较大,利用地球物理测井参数的差异来评价岩矿层和铀成矿规律显然是一种较好的铀矿勘查工作方法。FD--3019伽玛定量测井是铀矿钻探勘查定量解释必不可少的一项基本测井工作;2007年以前花岗伟晶岩型铀矿钻探勘查没有尝试用电阻率、自然电位等综合测井参数评价预测铀矿化情况,实践结果证明通过综合测井曲线解释能够更准确的预测花岗伟晶岩脉的展布规律,科学划分钻孔地质剖面,为花岗伟晶岩型铀矿勘查评价和预测提供可靠依据,并且及时准确的指导野外生产和钻探设计工作。