航空重力梯度测量飞行姿态影响及误差校正

在石油和金属矿勘探中,相对于重力异常数据,航空重力梯度数据含有更多的高频信号成分,能更好的描述小的异常特征。为了得到地下异常体的真实重力梯度数据,需要全张量梯度测量数据中有效地去除飞机自身梯度值的影响。针对这一影响,提出线性的校正方法。考虑飞行姿态的改变引起的空间坐标系的变化,在校正过程中给出旋转矩阵和张量转换矩阵来实现坐标系的统一。通过模型实验分析了自身梯度值随姿态角变化情况,用实际梯度数据计算证明了该方法能够减小几个E的姿态误差,有效提高数据的精度。     

Tidal disruptions: II. A continuum theory for solid bodies with strength, with applications to the Solar System

We present a comprehensive theory for the breakup conditions for ellipsoidal homogeneous secondary bodies subjected to the tidal forces from a nearby larger primary: for materials ranging from purely fluid ones, to granular rubble-pile gravel-like ones, and to those with either cohesive or granular strength including cohesive rocks and metals. The theory includes but greatly extends the classical analyses given by Roche in 1847, which dealt only with fluids, and also our previous analysis [Holsapple, K.A., Michel, P., 2006. Icarus 183, 331-348], which dealt only with solid but non-cohesive bodies. The results here give the distance inside of which breakup must occur, for both a steadily orbiting satellite and for a passing or impacting object. For the fluid bodies there is a single specific shape (a “Roche Ellipsoid”) that can be in equilibrium at any given distance from a primary, and especially only one shape that can exist at the overall minimum distance (d/R)(ρ/ρp)^1/3=2.455, the classical well-known “Roche limit.” In contrast, solid bodies can exist at a given distance from a primary with a range of shapes. Here we give multiple plots of the minimum distances for various important combinations of body shape, spin, mass density, and the strength parameters characterized by an angle of friction and cohesive strength. Such results can be used in different ways. They can be used to estimate limits on strengths and mass densities for orbiting bodies at a known distance and shape. They can be used to determine breakup distances for passing bodies with an assumed strength and shape. They can be used to constraint physical properties such as bulk density of bodies with a known shape that were known to breakup at a given distance. A collection of approximately 40 satellites of the Solar System is used for comparison to the theory. About half of those bodies are closer than the Roche fluid limit and must have some cohesion and/or friction angle to exist at their present orbital distance. The required solid strength for those states is determined. Finally, we apply the theory to the break up of the SL9 comet at close approach with Jupiter. Our results make clear that the literature estimates of its bulk density depend markedly on unknown parameters such as shape, orientation and spin, and most importantly, material strength characterization.     

阿尔金断裂东端的旋转构造及其动力学意义

在阿尔金主断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的交汇部位，发育一个反时针旋转构造——照壁山旋转构造，它是新构造运动期阿尔金断裂左行走滑运动的结果。结合前人资料，对照壁山旋转构造变形及其发育过程进行了初步分析，认为阿尔金断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的构造转换是通过旋转构造变形来实现的。沿阿尔金断裂一系列旋转构造的存在和青藏高原东北缘旋转构造的发育表明，伴随青藏高原北部物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转运动，使旋转构造成为高原北部边缘带转换、吸收构造变形的重要表现形式。     

附有约束条件的大旋转角三维坐标转换

为了解决大旋转角三维坐标转换方法在误差方程基础上引入13未知参数(3个平移参数、1个尺度参数和旋转矩阵中9个元素)之间的虚拟观测方程存在无法准确定权和若虚拟观测方程作为约束条件引入时构成的约束条件法方程不可逆的问题,该文只建立旋转矩阵中9个元素之间的约束条件,提出了附有约束条件的大旋转角三维坐标转换方法。详细推导了该方法中未知参数(3个平移参数和1个尺度参数与旋转矩阵中9个元素)估计及其精度评定公式。最后用算例对该方法进行了验证。结果表明:该方法适用于任何角度旋转的空间直角坐标转换,其解算理论正确,模型严密,过程简单,易于程序设计。     

哈雷彗星观测报告

1986年3月16日至4月19日,中国南极考察队二次越冬队在南极洲乔治王岛中国南极长城站执行了哈雷彗星观测任务。在为期34天的时间里共进行了8次观测,拍摄到大尺度照片9张,并详细地记录了观测过程。     

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基于新参考系的极移改正

本文利用IAU2000决议中关于CIP的定义阐述了极移坐标系和极移坐标的定义,在总结微分旋转矩阵的性质的基础上给出了极移旋转矩阵的详细推导,结合极移产生的主要原因,详细介绍了目前国际上关于极移模型化工作的最新进展,最后给出了获取极移坐标和TIO位置的方法和途径。     

Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice-wheat rotation as affected by crop residue incorporation and temperature

Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season.Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm-2 when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%,respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheatgrowing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1%and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheatgrowing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R2 = 0.445, n =73, p ＜ 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q10) was then evaluated to be 2.3±0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9±0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively.     

Characterization of the Meteoroid Spatial Flux Density during the 1999 Leonid Storm

The November 18, 1999 Leonid storm was rich in meteors and well observed by airborne intensified video cameras aimed low in the sky which enabled enhanced meteor counts over ground-based observations. The two- and three-dimensional distribution of meteoroids was investigated for signs of clustering that could provide evidence of meteoroid fragmentation shortly after lift-off from the parent comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, or much later due to space weathering. Analysis of the video tapes yields a refined estimation of the mass ratio during the peak of s = 1.65 and spatial flux density of 0.5 particles/km² greater than those causing visual magnitude +6.5 during the 5 min centered around the peak of the storm. Furthermore, the projection of the individual trails into three-dimensional Heliocentric coordinates, shows non-homogeneity of the stream on spatial scales from hundreds to thousands of kilometers.     

Photometric analysis of the nucleus of Comet 81P/Wild 2 from Stardust images

The disk-resolved flyby images of the nucleus of Comet 81P/Wild 2 collected by Stardust are used to perform a detailed study of the photometric properties of this cometary nucleus. A disk-integrated phase function from phase angle 11° to about 100° is measured and modeled. A phase slope of 0.0513 ± 0.0002 mag/deg is found, with a V-band absolute magnitude of 16.29 ± 0.02. Hapke’s photometric model yields a single-scattering albedo of 0.034, an asymmetry factor of phase function −0.53, a geometric albedo 0.059, and a V-band absolute magnitude of 16.03 ± 0.07. Disk-resolved photometric modeling from both the Hapke model and the Minnaert model results in 11% model RMS, indicating small photometric variations. The roughness parameter is modeled to be 27 ± 5° from limb-darkening profile. The modeled single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factor of the phase function are 0.038 ± 0.004 and −0.52 ± 0.04, respectively, consistent with those from disk-integrated phase function. The bulk photometric properties of the nucleus of Wild 2 are comparable with those of other cometary nuclei. The photometric variations on the surface of the nucleus of Wild 2 are at a level of or smaller than 15%, much smaller than those on the nucleus of Comet 19P/Borrelly and comparable or smaller than those on the nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1. The similar photometric parameters of the nuclei of Wild 2, Tempel 1, and the non-source areas of fan jets on Borrelly may reflect the typical photometric properties of the weakly active surfaces on cometary nuclei.