Comment on “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” by Anatoly N. Nevzorov

In a recent publication “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” Nevzorov [Nevzorov, A., 2006. Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds. Atmospheric Research 82, 367–378] claims that “the convincing evidence has been provided that this sort of glory forms as a first-order bow from spherical particles with a refractive index of 1.81–1.82 and diameter over 20 μm”. This is a highly unusual finding because the refractive index of liquid water and ice is between 1.30 and 1.35 in the visible spectral range. The author concludes that “once more corroboration is gained […] of droplets of liquid water in specific phase state referred to amorphous water, or A-water”. Here we show that the phenomena described by the author are easily explained assuming liquid water with a refractive index of 1.33 and a realistic droplet size distribution with an effective radius of around 10 μm. We conclude that this type of observations does not corroborate the existence of amorphous water in the atmosphere. In a recent publication we showed how to quantitatively derive cloud optical thickness, effective droplet radius, and even the width of the size distribution from observations of the glory [Mayer, B., Schröder, M., Preusker, R., Schüller, L., 2004. Remote sensing of water cloud droplet size distributions using the backscatter glory: a case study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1255–1263].     

层状云人工增雨机制、条件和方法的探讨

该文提出了新的层状云人工增雨机制，指出人工冰晶除通过贝吉隆过程使过冷云水转化为降水外，还使一部分冰面过饱和水汽转化为降水，凝华潜热的释放导致空气增温和局部升速加大，促进云降水的发展。与此相应提出了适合人工增雨的云层条件、监测识别方法以及最佳催化部位、药剂、剂量等。     

云参数对RTTOV5模式模拟误差的影响分析

该文根据1998年8月的业务TOVS反演的温度、水汽垂直廓线资料以及其它资料, 利用RTTOV5模式模拟NOAA14极轨气象卫星上相应红外探测 (HIRS) 通道的辐射亮温值, 将模拟值对比实测TOVS探测资料, 结果表明, 晴空模式模拟亮温与实测值的误差小于部分有云时的误差, 模拟误差受云的影响呈反相变化, 对水汽敏感的中低层探测通道在晴空时的误差小于部分有云情况; 通过对比白天和夜间短波窗区探测通道模拟误差, 分析了其受地面反射太阳光辐射的影响的大小及其原因所在; 并利用RTTOV5的伴随模式和Jacobine模式分析了模式模拟误差对初始场云参数的敏感性。该研究为TOVS/ATOVS探测资料在3DR或4DR变分同化中的直接应用奠定了基础。     

江苏省火箭人工增雨作业指标研究

本文以南京、徐州地区为代表,收集1998-2005历年作业数据,利用数字化天气雷达资料以及对应时次的探空、天气形势等资料,分析每次作业时所处天气系统的位置、天气系统的演变趋势,火箭发射仰角的高低,统计作业效果,就省内不同季节目标云的选择、作业时机、火箭发射角、催化剂量等多项作业指标进行研究,总结出适宜江苏省人工增雨作业技术方法.     

基于多种底图的云检测

利用静止卫星红外和短波红外通道资料的特点,生成了红外亮温底图与红外减短波红外差异底图,并充分利用这几种底图的特性,结合时空相似性检测来进行云检测的校正,实现了用动态阈值技术进行云检测.分析表明,红外亮温底图对于中高云系的检测效果较好,差异底图对于中低云系的检测效果较好,通过时空不同性测试可以将误检为云的晴空重新识别出来.算法取得了较好的检测效果.     

山东降水云系微物理结构数值模拟和播云条件分析

利用MM5V3.5中尺度数值模式和现有基本气象业务资料,对主要影响山东的2003年4月17日春季暴雨和2002年10月24~25日秋季冷锋降水过程进行数值预报,在预报效果较为理想的基础上,利用模式输出资料,特别是利用Reisner霰方案计算的云水、雨水、冰晶、雪和霰比含量数值,分析了中尺度对流云系不同发展阶段、冷锋层状云系不同部位的云降水微物理结构特征和差异,展示了背景场动力、热力和水汽输送等条件在云降水过程中的主导作用,并分析了降水云层可进行人工催化的条件。     

Long-wavelength Cloud Rolls Over the Arctic Ice

Cloud bands observed over the Arctic sea ice are interpreted in terms of long-wavelength gravity-wave modes trapped between the ground and a vertically-thin over-reflecting layer in the mid-troposphere. The over-reflecting layer is neutrally-stratified and lies between the counter-streaming upper troposphere and lower troposphere in a strong high-pressure system. The Arctic cloud bands appear to share many features with the long-wavelength roll waves observed in more temperate latitudes.     

双站数字摄像测量云高

文章提出一种新的地基、双站数字摄像测量云高的方法, 采用两台数字摄像仪同时拍摄实时云图, 自动搜索两幅图像中相互匹配的特征区域, 通过计算特征区域之间的位移量来求取云高。将双站数字摄像云高测量系统与合肥骆岗机场激光测云仪进行对比, 结果较一致。通过对云高计算公式的误差分析确定了适于该系统进行测量的条件, 如基线长度应尽可能长, 但不宜超过200 m, 有效的云高测量视场角在±45°以内。此外还讨论了该方法的优点和局限性。     

Cloud cover classification through simultaneous ground-based measurements of solar and infrared radiation

Simultaneous measurements of downwelling short-wave solar irradiance and incoming total radiation flux were performed at the Reeves Nevè glacier station (1200 m MSL) in Antarctica on 41 days from late November 1994 to early January 1995, employing the upward sensors of an albedometer and a pyrradiometer. The downwelling short-wave radiation measurements were analysed following the Duchon and O'Malley [J. Appl. Meteorol. 38 (1999) 132] procedure for classifying clouds, using the 50-min running mean values of standard deviation and the ratio of scaled observed to scaled clear-sky irradiance. Comparing these measurements with the Duchon and O'Malley rectangular boundaries and the local human observations of clouds collected on 17 days of the campaign, we found that the Duchon and O'Malley classification method obtained a success rate of 93% for cirrus and only 25% for cumulus. New decision criteria were established for some polar cloud classes providing success rates of 94% for cirrus, 67% for cirrostratus and altostratus, and 33% for cumulus and altocumulus.The ratios of the downwelling short-wave irradiance measured for cloudy-sky conditions to that calculated for clear-sky conditions were analysed in terms of the Kasten and Czeplak [Sol. Energy 24 (1980) 177] formula together with simultaneous human observations of cloudiness, to determine the empirical relationship curves providing reliable estimates of cloudiness for each of the three above-mentioned cloud classes. Using these cloudiness estimates, the downwelling long-wave radiation measurements (obtained as differences between the downward fluxes of total and short-wave radiation) were examined to evaluate the downwelling long-wave radiation flux normalised to totally overcast sky conditions. Calculations of the long-wave radiation flux were performed with the MODTRAN 3.7 code [Kneizys, F.X., Abreu, L.W., Anderson, G.P., Chetwynd, J.H., Shettle, E.P., Berk, A., Bernstein, L.S., Robertson, D.C., Acharya, P., Rothman, L.S., Selby, J.E.A., Gallery, W.O., Clough, S.A., 1996. In: Abreu, L.W., Anderson, G.P. (Eds.), The MODTRAN 2/3 Report and LOWTRAN 7 MODEL. Contract F19628-91-C.0132, Phillips Laboratory, Geophysics Directorate, PL/GPOS, Hanscom AFB, MA, 261 pp.] for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions, considering various cloud types characterised by different cloud base altitudes and vertical thicknesses. From these evaluations, best-fit curves of the downwelling long-wave radiation flux were defined as a function of the cloud base height for the three polar cloud classes. Using these relationship curves, average estimates of the cloud base height were obtained from the three corresponding sub-sets of long-wave radiation measurements. The relative frequency histograms of the cloud base height defined by examining these three sub-sets were found to present median values of 4.7, 1.7 and 3.6 km for cirrus, cirrostratus/altostratus and cumulus/altocumulus, respectively, while median values of 6.5, 1.8 and 2.9 km were correspondingly determined by analysing only the measurements taken together with simultaneous cloud observations.     

毫米波测云雷达的特点及其研究现状与展望

云在大气的能量分配、辐射传输,尤其是水循环系统中有不可忽视的作用。云探测对云物理、人工影响天气、气候变化和航空航天等领域有重要意义,是大气科学研究的热点之一。尽管目前已经发展了很多种遥感设备对云进行观测(如激光雷达、卫星、云幂仪等),但这些设备无法得到高时空分辨率的云水平和垂直结构,而毫米波雷达是云三维精细结构探测的重要工具。由于毫米波雷达具有更接近小粒子尺度的短波长,因此更适合用来探测弱云,同时毫米波雷达也存在衰减严重的缺点。介绍了毫米波雷达的特点以及其探测小粒子的优势;对比分析了其与新一代多普勒天气雷达、晴空风廓线雷达的差异,得出：毫米波雷达具有高时空分辨率,能够更精确地反映云的垂直和水平结构,比普通天气雷达更适合监测云的变化。概括了国内外毫米波测云雷达的发展现状以及在云物理研究方面的情况,并展望了国内毫米波雷达未来研究的方向。