Coherent Cherenkov radio pulses from hadronic showers up to EeV energies

The Cherenkov radio pulse emitted by hadronic showers of energies in the EeV range in ice is calculated for the first time using full three dimensional simulations of both shower development and the coherent radio pulse emitted as the excess charge develops in the shower. A Monte Carlo, ZHAireS, has been developed for this purpose combining the high energy hadronic interaction capabilities of AIRES, and the dense media propagation capabilities of TIERRAS, with the precise low energy tracking and specific algorithms developed to calculate the radio emission in ZHS. A thinning technique is implemented to allow the simulation of radio pulses induced by showers up to 10 EeV in ice. The code is validated comparing the results for electromagnetic and hadronic showers to those obtained with GEANT4 and ZHS codes. The contribution to the pulse of other shower particles in addition to electrons and positrons, mainly protons, pions and muons, is found to be below 3% for 10 PeV and above proton induced showers. The characteristics of hadronic showers and the corresponding Cherenkov frequency spectra are compared with those from purely electromagnetic showers. The dependence of the spectra on shower energy and high-energy hadronic model is addressed and parameterizations for the radio emission in hadronic showers in ice are given for practical applications.     

伽马天文观测技术综述

伽马射线作为宇宙中极端事件的独特探针,探测伽马射线是人们了解宇宙构成、星体演化和宇宙线起源等的重要途经.伽马天文涉及了宇宙中的各种前沿科学问题并且观测所需能谱跨度极宽(102 keV–102 TeV),针对不同的科学目标和细分谱段,必须利用不同的伽马望远镜探测技术.总结了空间和地面的共5大类伽马射线观测技术,分别是编码孔径望远镜、康普顿望远镜、电子对望远镜、成像大气切伦科夫望远镜和广延大气簇射阵列;回顾了70 yr来在观测设备和技术进步的推动下伽马射线天文学领域的巨大进展,其中包含高能和甚高能谱段取得的大量成就,中低能段由于已有观测任务有限以及灵敏度低,超高能和极高能段由于观测难度大、起步时间晚,数据和成果相对其他谱段产出较少;展望了未来已经规划的伽马望远镜任务、能力及预期科学产出,其中,中低能段空间望远镜增强型ASTROGAM望远镜(e-ASTROGAM)、全天区中能伽马射线观测站(AMEGO)和甚高能段地面望远镜阵列高海拔宇宙线观测站(LHAASO)、切伦科夫望远镜阵列(CTA),由于灵敏度较同谱段已有任务灵敏度有大幅提升,极有可能在20 yr内从不同角度再度扩展人类对伽马宇宙的认知.     

中国赴俄旅游网络关注度时空差异及成因分析

基于百度指数获取2014—2018年中国大陆31个省份对俄罗斯旅游相关关键词的网络关注度数据,采用基尼系数、首位度、季节性集中指数、地理探测器等方法,分析中国赴俄网络关注度的时空差异及其影响因素。结果表明：1）2014—2018年网络关注度与实际赴俄游客数呈正相关,5年间网络关注度增长迅猛,各月关注度则愈发均衡。2）网络关注度呈现东高西低、南高北低的特征,而网络关注度的季节性集中指数则相反;各省份网络关注度由极化分布转为相对均衡分布;各省份网络关注度的首位度不显著,北方地区最高。3）各省份网络关注度等级变化不大,东西部省份差异明显。高关注地区始终为广东、北京、上海、江苏、浙江,低关注地区以西部为主,形成甘肃-宁夏-青海-西藏连片分布的格局。4）经济发展水平、互联网普及度、国内旅游开放度是影响网络关注度空间分异的核心因素,城镇人口比重、赴俄交通便利程度、客源地夏季平均气温也起到重要作用。最后从加大互联网营销力度、推动开通直飞俄罗斯航线、开发个性化多元化旅游产品等方面提出对策建议,以期为中国赴俄旅游更好更快发展提供理论指导与实践启示。     

新疆城镇化绿色发展时空分异及驱动因子探究

作为西部大开发重点和"一带一路"核心区,新疆城镇化具有鲜明的地域特色、地缘属性,科学诊断和识别城镇化绿色发展驱动因子,可为统筹边疆发展和安全格局提供实证依据.根据绿色发展和空间结构理论,用熵值法、地统计分析和探索性空间分析方法,基于ArcGIS空间分析平台,研究了2008—2018年新疆14个地州(市)城镇化绿色发展的...     

Multi-component study of extended sources with a likelihood method

The spectral and morphological analysis for gamma-ray sources with multiple emission components remains a major challenge for Cherenkov telescopes due to background emission from diffuse gamma rays. Current methods of background suppression, usually based on the bin-by-bin subtraction of OFF-source data do not allow an analysis of the various background components. As an alternative, we present an approach based on an event-by-event likelihood fit of ON-source data, using a combined spectral model for the source emission as well as for the gamma-like background obtained from fits of the OFF-source data. Multiple emission components are separated by successive fits in different energy regimes and spectral variations inside the extended source is derived. The performance of this approach is evaluated with toy Monte-Carlo studies. For the application to real data, two well-studied H.E.S.S. sources are re-examined: the extragalactic point-source PKS 2155-304 and the extended pulsar wind nebula HESS J1825-137. For the latter, radial variation of the emission spectral index was evaluated, confirming earlier findings by the H.E.S.S. collaboration.