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841.
Continental weathering plays a dominant role in regulating the global carbon cycle, soil chemistry and nutrient supply to oceans. The CO2-mediated silicate weathering acts as a major CO2 sink, whereas sulphuric acid-mediated carbonate dissolution releases CO2 to the atmosphere–ocean system. In this study, dissolved major ions and silica concentrations of two tropical (Damodar and Subarnarekha) river systems from India have been measured to constrain the type and rate of chemical weathering for these basins. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of these rivers, a measure of total solute supply from all possible sources, are about 2–3 times higher than that of the global average for rivers. Mass balance calculations involving inverse modelling estimate that 63 ± 11% of total cations are derived from rock weathering, of which 27 ± 7% of cations are supplied through silicate weathering. The sulphide-S concentrations are estimated by comparing the water chemistry of these two rivers with that of a nearby river (Brahmani) with similar lithology but no signatures of sulphide oxidation. The outflows of Damodar and Subarnarekha rivers receive 17% and 55% of SO4 through sulphide oxidation, respectively. The sulphide oxidation fluxes from the ore mining areas, such as upper Damodar (0.52 × 109 mol/yr) and lower Subarnarekha (0.66 × 109 mol/yr) basins, are disproportionally (~9 times) higher compared to their fractional areal coverage to the global drainage area. The corresponding CO2 release rate (2.84 × 104 mol/km2/yr) for the Damodar basin is lower by five times than its CO2 uptake rate (1.38 × 105 mol/km2/yr). The outcomes of this study underscore the dominance of sulphide oxidation in controlling the dissolved chemical (cationic and sulphur) fluxes. 相似文献
842.
Vincent J. Pacific Brian L. McGlynn Diego A. Riveros‐Iregui Daniel L. Welsch Howard E. Epstein 《水文研究》2011,25(5):811-827
Variability in soil respiration at various spatial and temporal scales has been the focus of much research over the last decade aimed to improve our understanding and parameterization of physical and environmental controls on this flux. However, few studies have assessed the control of landscape position and groundwater table dynamics on the spatiotemporal variability of soil respiration. We investigated growing season soil respiration in a ~393 ha subalpine watershed in Montana across eight riparian–hillslope transitions that differed in slope, upslope accumulated area (UAA), aspect, and groundwater table dynamics. We collected daily‐to‐weekly measurements of soil water content (SWC), soil temperature, soil CO2 concentrations, surface CO2 efflux, and groundwater table depth, as well as soil C and N concentrations at 32 locations from June to August 2005. Instantaneous soil surface CO2 efflux was not significantly different within or among riparian and hillslope zones at monthly timescales. However, cumulative integration of CO2 efflux during the 83‐day growing season showed that efflux in the wetter riparian zones was ~25% greater than in the adjacent drier hillslopes. Furthermore, greater cumulative growing season efflux occurred in areas with high UAA and gentle slopes, where groundwater tables were higher and more persistent. Our findings reveal the influence of landscape position and groundwater table dynamics on riparian versus hillslope soil CO2 efflux and the importance of time integration for assessment of soil CO2 dynamics, which is critical for landscape‐scale simulation and modelling of soil CO2 efflux in complex landscapes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
843.
Ke‐Yu Fa Jia‐Bin Liu Yu‐Qing Zhang Bin Wu Shu‐Gao Qin Wei Feng Zong‐Rui Lai 《水文研究》2015,29(8):2043-2051
Soil CO2 flux is strongly influenced by precipitation in many ecosystem types, yet knowledge of the effects of precipitation on soil CO2 flux in semi‐arid desert ecosystems remains insufficient, particularly for sandy soils. To address this, we investigated the response of sandy soil CO2 flux to rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem in northern China during August–September 2011. Significant changes (P < 0.05) were found in diel patterns of soil CO2 flux induced by small (2.1 mm), moderate (12.4 mm) and large (19.7 mm) precipitation events. Further analysis indicated that rainfall pulses modified the response of soil CO2 flux to soil temperature, including hysteresis between soil CO2 flux and soil temperature, with Fs higher when Ts was increasing than when Ts was decreasing, and the linear relationship between them. Moreover, our results showed that rainfall could result in absorption of atmospheric CO2 by soil, possibly owing to mass flow of CO2 induced by a gradient of gas pressure between atmosphere and soil. After each precipitation event, soil CO2 flux recovered exponentially to pre‐rainfall levels with time, with the recovery times exhibiting a positive correlation with precipitation amount. On the basis of the amounts of precipitation that occurred at our site during the measurement period (August–September), the accumulated rain‐induced carbon absorption evaluated for rainy days was 1.068 g C m?2; this corresponds approximately to 0.5–2.1% of the net primary production of a typical desert ecosystem. Thus, our results suggest that rainfall pulses can strongly influence carbon fluxes in desert ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
844.
Determination of the Concentration of Carbonic Species in Natural Waters: Results from a World‐Wide Proficiency Test
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Mahendra P. Verma Enrique Portugal Sophie Gangloff María Aurora Armienta Dornadula Chandrasekharam Mayela Sanchez Roberto E. Renderos Miguel Juanco Robert van Geldern 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(2):233-255
The results of an international interlaboratory proficiency test for the determination of carbonic species are presented. Eight laboratories analysed twelve water samples (four synthetic waters, one lake water, four geothermal waters, one seawater and two petroleum waters) by two methods: (a) individual laboratory analytical procedure and (b) acid–base titration curves in tabular form following a standardised protocol. In case (b), the concentrations of carbonic species were calculated by the organiser using the (1) Hydrologists' method, (2) Geochemists' method and/or (3) initial pH and total alkalinity method. For synthetic waters, the averaged % trueness and precision of measurement of the two methods were (trueness = 7.6, precision = 9.4) and (9.0, 3.4) for total alkalinity, and (6.6, 31.0) and (7.8, 6.1) for carbonic alkalinity, respectively. This indicates that the total alkalinity calculation procedure is in general correct in the individual laboratory method, but the carbonic alkalinity calculation procedure has serious problems. The measurements of total alkalinity for lake and seawaters were in agreement in both the methods; however, the individual laboratory measurement method for geothermal and petroleum waters was conceptually incorrect. Thus, the analytical procedures for the determination of carbonic species were reviewed. To apply the Hydrologists' and/or Geochemists' methods, the location of NaHCO3EP and H2CO3EP is necessary, even for samples with pH lower than that of NaHCO3EP, and a backward titration curve after complete removal of CO2 must be performed. The initial pH and total alkalinity method is appropriate where a complete analysis of species that contribute to the alkalinity is known. 相似文献
845.
Application of aircraft observations over Beijing in cloud microphysical property retrievals from CloudSat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet (diameter <500 tm and <1500 μm) and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content (LWC) retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path (CWP) retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) liquid water path (LWP) data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals. 相似文献
846.
对2008年固原硝口CO2气体测值异常和整体变化的不稳定因素进行分析,从气温、降雨、仪器和人为因素等方面排除干扰,认为2008年汶川8.0级地震前后出现的短期异常真实可靠.对距今18年的观测资料进行异常统计,发现18次异常中有6次较好对应周围Ms≥4.9地震.结果发现,该测项短期异常具有短期趋势性下降一转折上升和多次单... 相似文献
847.
本文依据中国沉积盆地CO2地质储存潜力评价结果,认为深部咸水含水层是实现规模化CO2地质储存的主体,进而对适宜CO2地质储存的深部咸水含水层属性进行了界定。提出了深部咸水含水层CO2地质储存选址原则,合理划分了选址工作阶段。建立了选址技术指标、安全性评价指标、经济适宜性和地面地质-社会环境选址指标4个指标层,60余个指标的选址指标体系,提出了基于层次分析(AHP)的多因子排序选址评价方法。本文的研究成果对中国深部咸水含水层CO2地质储存场地选址具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
848.
849.
850.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(8):875-884
An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was moored at the deep-sea site of the ANTARES neutrino telescope near Toulon, France, thus providing a unique opportunity to compare high-resolution acoustic and optical observations between 70 and 170 m above the sea bed at 2475 m. The ADCP measured downward vertical currents of magnitudes up to 0.03 m s−1 in late winter and early spring 2006. In the same period, observations were made of enhanced levels of acoustic reflection, interpreted as suspended particles including zooplankton, by a factor of about 10 and of horizontal currents reaching 0.35 m s−1. These observations coincided with high light levels detected by the telescope, interpreted as increased bioluminescence. During winter 2006 deep dense-water formation occurred in the Ligurian subbasin, thus providing a possible explanation for these observations. However, the 10-20 days quasi-periodic episodes of high levels of acoustic reflection, light and large vertical currents continuing into the summer are not direct evidence of this process. It is hypothesized that the main process allowing for suspended material to be moved vertically later in the year is local advection, linked with topographic boundary current instabilities along the rim of the ‘Northern Current’. 相似文献