西安灞河流域现代岩溶作用与CO2吸收量

本文探讨了灞河流域岩溶特征、CO²估算方法和CO²吸收量。观测资料表明,灞河流 域河水中ｐＨ值在冬春季高,夏秋季低,而ＨＣＯ３含量通常与ｐＨ相反。河水和黄土地下水中 ｐＨ值、ＨＣＯ３等化学成分含量与北方南部石灰岩区岩溶水基本相同,表明该区现代岩溶作用 明显,黄土地层也在不断吸收CO²,并对全球碳循环有重要影响。雨水富含CO²,其中约有 ８２％的CO²被岩溶过程吸收,１８％左右的随河水流失。根据一个流域CO²输入量和输出量,可 以计算岩溶过程中 CO²吸收量。计算表明,灞河流域现代岩溶过程中每年吸收的 CO²约为５６３２．８ｔ。     

亚热带岩溶平原区土壤CO2系统对地下水面升降的响应──活塞效应一例

地下水面是土壤生态系统内部的一个重要界面,使土壤CO²系统形成固有的垂直分 带性及分带结构。地下水面的季节性升降能够引起土壤CO²系统的强烈响应。首先使土壤空 气发生机械性整体对流。同时,还通过引发一系列其它物理、化学和生物变化,激发产生一个 局部扩散层,从而改变CO²剖面垂直分带结构。粘性土壤、土质不均和土壤液相部分有较大碳 酸盐容量是产生局部扩散层的主要内在原因。在中国南方岩溶平原区高台型地下水动态条件 下,地下水面季节性升降的活塞效应和气温年周期变化叠加,使土壤CO²剖面形态变化形成有 规律的序列演化旋回。这一规律可以帮助对土壤CO²进行中长期预测。     

A STUDY ON THE SOIL RESPIRATION OF THE FORESTS ON GONGGA MOUNTAIN

ＡＮＩＮＴＲＡＣＯＮＴＩＮA STUDY ON THE SOIL RESPIRATION OF THE FORESTS ON GONGGA MOUNTAINtheNational(G19980 40 80 0 )andCAS'sKeyProjectforBasicResearchonTibetanPlateau(KZ95 1 A1 2 0 4;KZ95T 0 2 )     

Meeting Report

This report summarises a Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) Specialist Discussion Meeting held on 2001 December 14 in the rooms of the Geological Society, Burlington House, London. The meeting was well attended, with approximately 100 Fellows and guests being present, and attracted considerable interest from the media. Two associated talks, given byinvited international speakers, were also presented as part of the mainRAS Astronomy & Geophysics Meeting held the same day at the Scientific Societies' Lecture Theatre in Savile Row, as reported below in closing this summary. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

沿22°～18°N航线上CO2对ENSO和LaNina的响应的季节变化

根据1986年11月～1997年12月期间在114°～130°E,沿22°～18°N航线各航次所测量的大气和表层海水中的CO     

The WARPS survey – IV. The X-ray luminosity–temperature relation of high-redshift galaxy clusters

We present a measurement of the cluster X-ray luminosity–temperature ( L – T ) relation out to high redshift ( z ∼0.8). Combined ROSAT PSPC spectra of 91 galaxy clusters detected in the Wide Angle ROSAT Pointed Survey (WARPS) are simultaneously fitted in redshift and luminosity bins. The resulting temperature and luminosity measurements of these bins, which occupy a region of the high-redshift L – T relation not previously sampled, are compared with existing measurements at low redshift in order to constrain the evolution of the L – T relation. We find the best fit to low-redshift ( z <0.2) cluster data, at T >1 keV, to be L ∝ T ^3.15±0.06. Our data are consistent with no evolution in the normalization of the L – T relation up to z ∼0.8. Combining our results with ASCA measurements taken from the literature, we find η =0.19±0.38 (for Ω₀=1, with 1 σ errors) where L _Bol∝(1+ z ) ^η T ^3.15, or η =0.60±0.38 for Ω₀=0.3. This lack of evolution is considered in terms of the entropy-driven evolution of clusters. Further implications for cosmological constraints are also discussed.     

Compton dragged gamma-ray bursts: the spectrum

Recently several studies have jointly analysed data from different cosmological probes with the motivation of estimating cosmological parameters. Here we generalize this procedure to allow freedom in the relative weights of various probes. This is done by including in the joint χ ² function a set of 'hyper-parameters', which are dealt with using Bayesian considerations. The resulting algorithm, which assumes uniform priors on the log of the hyper-parameters, is very simple: instead of minimizing     (where     is per data set j ) we propose to minimize     (where N _j is the number of data points per data set j ). We illustrate the method by estimating the Hubble constant H ₀ from different sets of recent cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments (including Saskatoon, Python V, MSAM1, TOCO and Boomerang ). The approach can be generalized for combinations of cosmic probes, and for other priors on the hyper-parameters.     

The diversity of SCUBA-selected galaxies

We present extensive observations of a sample of distant, submillimetre (submm) galaxies detected in the field of the massive cluster lens Abell 1835, using the Submm Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA). Taken in conjunction with earlier observations of other submm-selected sources, we now have detailed, multiwavelength observations of seven examples of the submm population, having exploited the combination of achromatic amplification by cluster lenses and lavish archival data sets. These sources, all clearly at z ≳1, illustrate the wide range in the radio and optical properties of distant submm-selected galaxies. We include detailed observations of the first candidate 'pure' starburst submm galaxy at high redshift, a z =2.56 interacting galaxy which shows no obvious sign of hosting an AGN. The remaining sources have varying degrees of inferred AGN activity (three out of seven of the most luminous show some evidence of the presence of an AGN), although even when an AGN is obviously present it is still not apparent whether reprocessed radiation from this source dominates the submm emission. In contrast with the variation in the spectral properties, we see relatively homogeneous morphologies for the population, with a large fraction of merging or interacting systems. Our study shows that virtually identical spectral energy distributions are seen for galaxies that exhibit strikingly different optical/UV spectral-line characteristics. We conclude that standard optical/UV spectral classifications are misleading when applied to distant, highly obscured galaxies, and that we must seek other means of determining the various contributions to the overall energy budget of submm galaxies and hence to the far-infrared extragalactic background.     

Eddies along front of warm winter current off the north coast of Spain and at Jovellanos Seamount

I~IOXSatellite infrared measurements are now accepted as an effeCtive way of mapping sea surfacetemperature (SST) distributions on global and regional scales. While regional SST maps are widely uest as background data for oceanographic experiments, they tend to be considered by oceanographers as at best qualitative tools. There is SCOPe for developing the use of satellite SST imagesac extensively for the study of mesoscale d~ical processes, as this paper seeks to demonstrate. As Part O…