Li2B4O7熔融玻璃-激光剥蚀等离子体质谱法测定水系沉积物国家标准定值样品中微量元素

建立了激光剥蚀等离子体质谱法直接测定Li2B4O7熔融玻璃中微量元素的分析方法。详细讨论了内标元素的选择及Li2B4O7熔融玻璃的均一性、背景空白对分析测定的影响。以Li2B4O7熔融玻璃中低同位素丰度的6Li作内标，水系沉积物国家标准参考物质熔融玻璃建立多元素标准校正曲线，用于标准参考物质及水系沉积物定值样品的分析，测定值与标准值或溶液雾化等离子体质谱结果比较，具有较好的一致性。     

21世纪平流层温度变化和臭氧恢复

温室气体增加和可能的臭氧恢复将是影响21世纪平流层温度变化的两个主要因素。温室气体增加的辐射效应将导致平流层变冷,而臭氧恢复将导致平流层变暖。为探讨平流层温度在这两种相反因素作用下的变化趋势,研究中使用了观测的臭氧和温度资料以及4个有代表性的IPCC AR4海气耦合的全球环流模式的模拟结果（GISS-ER、GFDL CM20、NCAR CCSM3和UKMO-HadCM3）。观测分析结果表明,在近10年来臭氧柱含量和平流层低层温度均有升高的趋势,平流层中层温度仍然延续20世纪后20年的变冷趋势。IPCC-AR4的模拟结果表明,单纯温室气体增加将造成平流层变冷。可是,在同时考虑温室气体增加和臭氧层恢复的情况下,模拟结果表明平流层中上层仍将维持变冷的趋势,而下层则存在变暖的趋势,但几个模式给出的变暖趋势有差别。UKMO-HadCM3给出的模拟结果是在3种温室气体排放情况下平流层低层均呈现较强的变暖趋势,变暖的层次可达40 hPa;GFDL-CM20和NCAR-CCSM3给出的变暖趋势较弱一些,并且变暖主要位于60 hPa以下的层次。     

Topographical effects on the distributions of rainfall and 18O distributions: a case in Miyake Island,Japan

In this paper, we try to calculate precipitation in Miyake Island, Japan. In order to know the temporal and spatial variations of precipitation, we have set 15 rain gauges randomly in the island to collect the monthly precipitation data since June 1994. It is found that the precipitation is very different from point to point. First, we used statistical methods to get the correlations between the monthly precipitation at our survey points and that at the weather station. Next, regression analyses were used to establish formulae to calculate precipitation as a function of altitude, aspect of the geomorphological surface and wind direction. Based on these results, distributions of monthly and yearly precipitation and δ¹⁸O over the island were assessed. The results show that landscape patterns strongly influence precipitation distribution over the island, with the highest precipitation being found on the windward side, about 400–600 m above sea level. Even at places at the same altitude, the precipitation was different because of the aspect of the landscape. At the same time, altitude effects for δ¹⁸O on both the windward and leeward sides were −0·10‰/100 m and −0·15‰/100 m, respectively. Comparing with the distribution of precipitation distribution, it was also found that δ¹⁸O for the windward and leeward sides was different from that for precipitation, which means that both topographical effects must be considered separately. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stratospheric Temperature Changes and Ozone Recovery in the 21st Century

Increasing greenhouse gases and likely ozone recovery will be the two most important factors influencing changes in stratospheric temperatures in the 21st century. The radiative effect of increasing greenhouse gases will cause cooling in the stratosphere, while ozone recovery will lead to stratospheric warming. To investigate how stratospheric temperatures change under the two opposite forcings in the 21st century, we use observed ozone and reanalysis data as well as simulation results from four coupled oceanic and atmo- spheric general circulation models （GISS-ER, GFDL-CM20, NCAR-CCSM3, and UKMO-HadCM3） used in the IPCC （Intergovernment Panel for Climate Change） Fourth Assessment Report （AR4）. Observational analysis shows that total column ozone and lower stratospheric temperatures all show increasing in the past 10 years, while middle stratospheric temperatures demonstrate cooling. IPCC AR4 simulations show that greenhouse forcing alone will lead to stratospheric cooling. However, with forcing of both increasing greenhouse gases and ozone recovery, the middle stratosphere will be cooled, while the lower stratosphere will be warmed. Warming magnitudes vary from one model to another. UKMO-HadCM3 generates relatively strong warming for all three greenhouse scenarios, and warming extends to 40 hPa. GFDL-CM20 and NCAR-CCSM3 produce weak warming, and warming mainly exists at lower levels, below about 60 hPa. In addition, we also discuss the effect of temperature changes on ozone recovery.     

Organochlorines and dioxin-like compounds in green-lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong mariculture zones

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and dioxin-like compounds were measured in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, collected from seven mariculture zones in Hong Kong between September and October in 2002 in order to evaluate the status, spatial distribution and potential sources of pollution in these areas. Concentrations ranged from 300 to 4400 ng/g lipid weight for total OCs and 170–1000 ng/g lipid weight for total PCBs (based on 28 congeners). Relatively smaller DDT concentrations in mussels compared with previous studies suggest reduced discharges of DDTs from nearby regions into Hong Kong waters. Detection of a mixture of HCH isomers in the mussels indicated that Hong Kong waters were predominantly contaminated by technical HCHs rather than lindane. Mussel samples from all sampling locations elicited significant dioxin-like activity in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. The greatest magnitude of dioxin-like response (39 pg TEQ/g wet wt.) was detected in mussels from Ma Wan in the western waters of Hong Kong, which is strongly influenced by the Pearl River discharge. Human health risk assessment was undertaken to evaluate potential risks associated with the consumption of the green-lipped mussels. Risk quotient (RQ) for dioxin-like compounds was greater than unity suggesting that adverse health effects may be associated with high mussel consumption.     

超强台风“利奇马”(1909)的闪电活动特征

利用风云四号A星(FY-4A)装载的闪电成像仪探测到的闪电实时定位资料和中央气象台提供的台风定位资料,分析了2019年第9号超强台风“利奇马”的闪电时空演变特征。结果表明:“利奇马”在强台风阶段的日平均闪电密度最大,其次是超强台风阶段。处于增强阶段(△V>0 m·s^-1)时的闪电活动强于减弱阶段(△V<0 m·s^-1),气旋强度稳定时(-5 m·s^-1≤△V<5 m·s^-1),闪电活动最弱。台风成熟以后闪电密度基本呈现出三圈结构。闪电的空间分布具有不对称性,在台风移动方向左侧的闪电数量明显多于右侧。台风外围雨带中的闪电远远多于台风中心发生的闪电,台风中心发生的闪电所占比例不到总数的1%。在台风两次增强阶段均出现闪电的爆发,在台风最强阶段也有较多的闪电发生。在台风最强时期的前半段,眼壁闪电数明显爆发至最大,在台风减弱阶段,眼壁闪电发生很少。     

4000aB.P.前后东亚季风变迁与中原周围地区新石器文化的衰落

4000aB.P.前后中原周围地区新石器文化发生了衰落,其原因一直存在较大的争议。文章依据前人的研究成果,从东亚夏季风锋面降水的穿时性特点初步探讨了这一问题。认为4000aB.P.前后的降温和由地球轨道因素变化引起的全新世东亚季风的长期变化,使东亚夏季风降雨带北撤南迁,形成中国东亚季风区的一种南涝北旱的环境格局,可能是4000aB.P.前后中原周围地区新石器文化的衰落的主要原因。     

利用HYSPLIT_4模式分析珠海地面SO2浓度的变化规律

利用HYSPLIT_4传输、扩散模式，模拟大尺度气象场下的1999年10月-2000年1月珠海地面SO2浓度变化规律，结果与实测资料对比表明，模式较好地模拟出珠海地面SO2的浓度水平和变化趋势。模拟结果经过分析还表明，珠海地面S02浓度受到广东省其它地区尤其是珠江三角洲地区城市污染源排放的影响；其浓度变化与广州900m高度（或965hPa等压面）水平风场具有相当好的对应关系。     

Carbon isotopic compositions of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene in marine oil asphaltenes from the Tarim Basin: Evidence for the source formed in a strongly reducing environment

Although 1-alkyl-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenes and a high relative amount of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene have been detected in marine oils and oil asphaltenes from Tabei uplift in the Tarim Basin, their bio-logical sources are not determined. This paper deals with the molecular characteristics of typical ma-rine oil asphaltenes from Tabei and Tazhong uplift in the Tarim Basin and the stable carbon isotopic signatures of individual compounds in the pyrolysates of these asphaltenes using flash pyrolysis-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (PY-GC-MS) and gas chromatograph-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS), respectively. Relatively abundant 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene is detected in the pyrolysates of these marine oil asphaltenes from the Tarim Basin. δ 13C values of 1,2,3,4-tetrame-thylbenzene in the pyrolysates of oil asphaltenes vary from-19.6‰ to-24.0‰, while those of n-alkanes in the pyrolysates show a range from-33.2‰ to-35.1‰. The 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene in the pyro-lysates of oil asphaltenes proves to be significantly enriched in 13C relative to n-alkanes in the pyro-lysates and oil asphaltenes by 10.8‰―15.2‰ and 8.4‰―13.4‰, respectively. This result indicates a contribution from photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria Chlorobiaceae to relatively abundant 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene in marine oil asphaltenes from the Tarim Basin. Hence, it can be speculated that the source of most marine oil asphaltenes from the Tarim Basin was formed in a strongly reducing water body enriched in H2S under euxinic conditions.     

Production of Drinking Water from Highly Contaminated Surface Waters: Removal of Organic,Inorganic, and Microbial Contaminants Applying Mobile Membrane Filtration Units

In military out of area missions of the Bundeswehr, it can be necessary to produce drinking water even from highly polluted surface waters containing a variety of organic, inorganic, and microbiological contaminants. Thus, mobile drinking water purification systems must be able to remove such contaminants as far as possible to meet the requirements of the German and European drinking water regulation/directive. Presently, two novel drinking water purification units applying membrane filtration undergo intensive long‐term trials carried out by the Bundeswehr. If these trials positively proof the functionality of these units and their ability to remove all possible contaminants they shall substitute so far available devices which use large amounts of chemicals and charcoal filtration for water purification.In the course of a research project, the functionality of the new devices and their efficacy to remove high amounts of algae, microbes, and organic and inorganic pollutants are additionally tested in “worst‐case” field studies. In September 2000, the first mobile drinking water purification unit was tested at the Teltowkanal in Berlin, Germany.This canal was chosen because it carries high burdens of municipal sewage effluents. The results from the fatigue test confirmed the ability of the water purification unit to reduce the concentrations of all contaminants meeting the maximum tolerance levels set by the German/European drinking water regulation.The pre‐filtration device was very effective in removing algae and solid particles to protect the membranes from clogging and to enable an almost maintenance‐free operation. Residues of pharmaceuticals and some other organic contaminants have almost totally been removed from the surface water where they were detected at individual concentrations up to the μg/L‐level.