Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ulva lactuca, Grateloupia turuturu and Palmaria palmata are suitable species that fit the requirements of a seaweed-animal integrated aquaculture system in terms of their viable biomass, rapid growth and promising nutrient uptake rates. In this investigation, the responses of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the five algal species in tumble culture were assessed at a temperature range of 10 - 30℃. The results revealed that Ulva lactuca was the most resistant species to high temperature, withstanding 30℃ for 4 h without apparent decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . While the arctic alga Palmaria palmata was the most vulnerable one, showing significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield at 25℃ for 2 h. The cold-water species Laminaria japonica, however, demonstrated strong ability to cope with higher temperature (24 -26℃ ) for shorter time (within 24 h) without significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . Grateloupia turuturu showed a general decrease in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield with the rising temperature from 23 to 30℃ , similar to the temperate kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yields of these algae were characterized differently indicating the existence of species-unique strategy to cope with high light. Measurements of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield after short exposure to direct solar irradiance revealed how long these exposures could be without significant photoinhibition or with promising recovery in photosynthetic activities. Seasonal pattern of alternation of algal species in tank culture in the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of 36°N was proposed according to these basic measurements. 相似文献
稻作的起源与传播一直是学术界关注的热点,然而关于水稻向南传播的路径和时间节点尚有诸多疑问和缺环。广东茶岭遗址是岭南地区新石器时代末期到商周时期的重要遗存(约4500~3700 cal. a B.P.)。文章综合植硅体、大植物遗存等多方面的证据,来探讨茶岭遗址水稻遗存性质和先民生计方式,并尝试归纳水稻在岭南地区的传播进程。研究显示,至少在距今4400年前,茶岭先民已经开始种植以粳稻为主的栽培稻;新石器时代末期,该聚落的生业经济结构呈现多样化的趋势,先民同时从事水稻种植、采集业和狩猎活动来维持生计。商周时期,水稻的种植规模有所扩大,采集业仍是先民食物来源的重要组成。通过对岭南地区的史前水稻遗存梳理发现:新石器时代末期,栽培稻开始出现在岭南地区并获得较大发展,分别在距今5000年、4500年前后传入广东和广西地区;此后在4500 a B.P.左右遍布粤北石峡文化各遗存中,并沿珠江进一步向岭南内陆和珠江三角洲地区扩散。茶岭遗址发现了目前珠江三角洲地区直接测年最早的水稻大植物遗存。该研究打破了珠三角地区史前渔猎采集经济结构模式的固有观念,为进一步了解水稻在岭南地区的传播提供了新的线索。
由于不同燃烧指标存在明显的差异,致使人们对于火燃烧方式的理解尚不确定。本研究选取黄河上游青海上喇家典型剖面(深度464 cm,年代范围14.5~0 ka B.P.)为对象,结合炭屑和黑碳以及古生态指标,揭示该区域全新世以来的野火历史演变过程。研究结果表明末次冰期和全新世早期,气候较为干旱,以明烧为特征的草原区域野火时常发生,与东亚季风气候所控制燃料特征和湿度密切相关。全新世中期,气候较现在温暖而湿润,生物成壤作用强烈,该地区整体上自然野火发生处于较低水平。其中,4200~3850 a B.P. 和3400~3000 a B.P. 这两个阶段的粗颗粒炭屑通量峰值分别是齐家文化中晚期(4200~3800 a B.P.)和辛店文化时期(3400~2700 a B.P.)人类频繁放火烧荒和开垦农田以及生活等活动的结果;而3850~3600 a B.P. 阶段以焖烧为特征的低强度野火发生,与气候持续干旱和人类森林砍伐活动加剧有关。与此同时,该区域遭遇2次大规模的地震和山洪泥流地质灾害,生态环境恶化,使得农耕为主的齐家文化被半农半畜牧的辛店文化所替代,从而导致该期间炭屑通量整体下降。全新世晚期,气候进一步干旱,1500年以来本地大幅度生物质燃烧增加与农业扩张和耕地面积增大密切相关。总之,全新世中期先前人类长期频繁森林砍伐活动所诱发的低强度焖烧火模式是导致该区域植被减少和土地退化的不容忽视的重要因素,而东亚季风所控制的季节性降水变化仍是野火发生必要条件。