生源性湖泛水体主要含硫致臭物及其产生机制

由水生生物残体诱发的湖泛发生过程中水体高浓度的含硫致臭物质对水生态安全以及人类健康造成严重危害,这些致臭物质的来源途径及其产生机制至今尚无详细报道.通过使用藻类、浮游动物、鱼类、底栖动物以及水生植物等多种生物残体进行了模拟实验,结果发现各类生物残体均能导致湖泛的发生,其中藻类残体中含有的大量含硫氨基酸导致水体挥发性有机硫化物浓度升高尤为突出.使用蛋氨酸作为前驱物质进行模拟实验发现,影响蛋氨酸降解的非生物因素主要为光照和厌氧条件,其中光照的影响更大.对蛋氨酸降解率与铵态氮浓度变化的关系进行研究后发现,无论有无生物作用二者均有显著的相关性,表明蛋氨酸降解的第一步应为发生脱氨基作用.对α-羟丁酸、α-酮丁酸和4-甲硫基-2-氧代丁酸等中间产物在体系中的变化进行研究后发现,4-甲硫基-2-氧代丁酸在体系中很难积累,而α-羟丁酸和α-酮丁酸则有较明显的累积过程,说明脱甲硫基作用可能在脱氨基作用后很短时间内发生,或二者同时发生,由此产生甲硫醇,甲硫醇再通过各种途径转化为二甲基硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚以及硫化氢等.     

CME和冕洞边缘结构的可能关系

本文分析了１９８０ 、１９８４ 和１９８９ 年ＳＭＭ 卫星观测到的１４０ 次日冕物质抛射（ＣＭＥ） 事件在时空分布上与“冕洞边缘结构”、耀斑爆发和爆发日珥等事件的相关关系结果表明, ＣＭＥ 事件与日冕边缘结构的关系最密切此外, ＣＭＥ与赤道冕洞具有同步的长期演化关系由此认为, 冕洞边缘结构对ＣＭＥ的可能贡献是不可忽视的     

Some aspects of four-dimensional black hole solutions in gauss-bonnet extended string gravity

An internal singularity of a string four-dimensional black hole with second order curvature corrections is investigated. A restriction to a minimal size of a neutral black hole is obtained in the frame of the model considered. Vacuum polarization of the surrounding space-time caused by this minimal-size black hole is also discussed.     

Sulfur and iron speciation in surface sediments along the northwestern margin of the Black Sea

The speciation of sedimentary sulfur (pyrite, acid volatile sulfides (AVS), S⁰, H₂S, and sulfate) was analyzed in surface sediments recovered at different water depths from the northwestern margin of the Black Sea. Additionally, dissolved and dithionite-extractable iron were quantified, and the sulfur isotope ratios in pyrite were measured. Sulfur and iron cycling in surface sediments of the northwestern part of the Black Sea is largely influenced by (1) organic matter supply to the sediment, (2) availability of reactive iron compounds and (3) oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters. Biologically active, accumulating sediments just in front of the river deltas were characterized by high AVS contents and a fast depletion of sulfate concentration with depth, most likely due to high sulfate reduction rates (SRR). The δ³⁴S values of pyrite in these sediments were relatively heavy (−8‰ to −21‰ vs. V-CDT). On the central shelf, where benthic mineralization rates are lower, re-oxidation processes may become more important and result in pyrite extremely depleted in δ³⁴S (−39‰ to −46‰ vs. V-CDT). A high variability in δ³⁴S values of pyrite in sediments from the shelf-edge (−6‰ to −46‰ vs. V-CDT) reflects characteristic fluctuations in the oxygen concentrations of bottom waters or varying sediment accumulation rates. During periods of oxic conditions or low sediment accumulation rates, re-oxidation processes became important resulting in low AVS concentrations and light δ³⁴S values. Anoxic conditions in the bottom waters overlying shelf-edge sediments or periods of high accumulation rates are reflected in enhanced AVS contents and heavier sulfur isotope values. The sulfur and iron contents and the light and uniform pyrite isotopic composition (−37‰ to −39‰ vs. V-CDT) of sediments in the permanently anoxic deep sea (1494 m water depth) reflect the formation of pyrite in the upper part of the sulfidic water column and the anoxic surface sediment. The present study demonstrates that pyrite, which is extremely depleted in ³⁴S, can be found in the Black Sea surface sediments that are positioned both above and below the chemocline, despite differences in biogeochemical and microbial controlling factors.     

A sulfur budget for the Black Sea anoxic zone

A budget for the sulfur cycle in the Black Sea is proposed which incorporates specific biogeochemical process rates. The average sulfide production in the water column is estimated to be 30–50 Tg yr⁻¹, occurring essentially in the layer between 500 and 2000 m. About 3.2–5.2 Tg sulfide yr⁻¹ form during sulfate reduction in surface sediments of the anoxic zone. Total sulfur burial in anoxic sediments of 1 Tg yr⁻¹ consists of 10–70% (ca. 40–50% is the average) water column formed (syngenetic) component, the rest being diagenetic pyrite. As a maximum, between 3 and 5 Tg yr⁻¹ contribute sulfide to the bottom water or diffuse downward in the sediment. About 20–50 Tg yr⁻¹ sulfide is oxidized mostly at the chemocline and about 10–20% of this amount (4.4–9.2 Tg yr⁻¹) below the chemocline by the oxygen of the Lower Bosphorus Current. A model simulating the vertical distribution of sulfide in the Black Sea water column shows net consumption in the upper layers down to ca. 500 m, essentially due to oxidation at the chemocline, and net production down to the bottom. On the basis of the calculated budget anoxic conditions in the Black Sea are sustained by the balance between sulfide production in the anoxic water column and oxidation at the chemocline. On average the residence time of sulfide in the anoxic zone is about 90–150 yr, comparable to the water exchange time between oxic and anoxic zones. Hydrophysical control on the sulfur cycle appears to be the main factor regulating the extent of anoxic conditions in the Black Sea water column, rather than rates of biogeochemical processes.     

北方黑云杉林冠内空气CO2浓度及其上方通量模拟

考虑植物阴叶和阳叶对环境的反应、植物叶片丛聚特性以及叶片氮素水平的垂直差异,建立了黑云杉林与大气之间物质输送和能量交换的一维完全多层模式.模式中对阳叶和阴叶的叶面积指数借用Chen J M等提出的方法,并经过修改以适用于多层模拟.叶水平的光合作用c运用Farq uhar方程并与CO2传导方程联列获得.模式验证的资料取自BOREAS(Boreal Ecosystem-fAtmosphere Study)研究计划中加拿大Saskatchewan的南试验区,属于温带气候.通过对冠.层上方的显热、感热和CO2通量、以及植物光合作用、蒸腾作用和气孔传导等生理作用t过程的实测值进行了计算结果的验证,结果表明计算的显热通量比实测值偏低,潜热通量则略高于实测值,而CO2通量只有在较高水平时偏高,3个通量的计算值与实测值比较接近,R 2分别为0.71,0.78和0.65,取得了较好的效果.气孔导度、光合作用和蒸腾作用的模拟结果表明,三者的实测与模拟值之间的R 2分别达到0.57,0.69和0.66,均通过0.01显著度检验,且无显著的系统偏差.因此,可以认为在多层模拟中充分考虑叶片不同受光状况,不同氮素水平以及叶片丛聚特性的影响有助于更好地研究植被与大气的交换过程.     

塔里木盆地西北缘下寒武统黑色岩系差异性成岩演化及其影响因素

尽管泥页岩在埋藏过程中经历的复杂成岩改造会显著影响页岩油气储层发育潜力,但对其成岩作用,特别是泥页岩中成岩矿物的类型、成岩演化及其影响因素、成岩矿物元素在低孔低渗孔隙系统中的迁移等问题的认识仍很薄弱,因而制约了对泥页岩储层的深入认识。为此,本文以塔里木盆地西北缘下寒武统玉尔吐斯组发育的两套黑色岩系为例,在沉积环境认识的基础上,通过矿物组分、黏土矿物组合、有机碳含量及有机质成熟度等测定分析,着重研究了黑色岩系自生矿物的分布及在成岩演化阶段的变化特征,阐述了成岩变化的时空分布及其影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）在浅水缓坡台地环境下,玉尔吐斯组受两个较为完整的海进-海退沉积旋回控制而形成的两套黑色岩系主要经历了早成岩阶段和中成岩阶段;（2）受沉积环境和热液作用的影响,这两套黑色岩系在石英、重晶石、碳酸盐胶结物和黏土矿物等自生矿物的组合、分布及形成顺序上存在显著的差异,呈现出差异性成岩演化的特点;（3）伊利石、伊蒙混层、绿泥石、白云石、石英胶结等中成岩阶段成岩产物的广泛分布,反映出在成岩过程中特别是中成岩阶段低孔低渗的泥页岩仍存在一定程度的内部和外部来源的矿物元素迁移。本次研究对深入认识塔里木西北缘下寒武统黑色岩系成岩机制,以及分析页岩储层发育特征提供了重要的依据。     

几何薄光学厚吸积盘谱线轮廓及成像研究

假设位于黑洞赤道面上做圆形轨道运动的吸积盘是几何薄、光学厚的.利用光子追踪法计算在Kerr度规下的光子运动轨迹,通过数值计算研究薄吸积盘的相对论谱线轮廓及成像.在大角度观测时,吸积盘下表面的光子对谱线轮廓及成像的影响是显著的.     

耀变体亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的相关性讨论

耀变体(Blazars)的亮温度与黑洞喷流能量和吸积率有重要关系.搜集了53个耀变体源样本,包括22个蝎虎天体(BL Lacs)和31个平谱射电类星体(Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars,FSRQs),研究了耀变体亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的分布,并对子类中亮温度与黑洞喷流能量的相关性进行了讨论.研究结果...     

Quantification and spatial distribution of pore-filling materials through constrained rock physics template and fluid response modelling in Paleogene clastic reservoir from Cauvery basin,India

Sands belonging to Kamalapuram Formation of Paleocene-Eocene age are deposited in Cauvery basin as incised valley fill during a regressive cycle. Here we attempt to quantify the influence of diagenesis on pore-filling materials using rock physics template constrained by geohistory modelling. Primarily, porosity–velocity and acoustic impedance – the ratio of P-wave and S-wave velocity (V_P/V_s) cross-plots are used as rock physics templates. Rock physics template has efficiently quantified pore-filling materials namely; contact cement and non-contact cement. The estimated contact cement and non-contact cement are correlated with conventional petrophysical logs within the selected depth interval. Further, this correlation is used to interpret the composition of pore-filling materials. Shallower depth intervals (I and II) exhibit moderate non-contact cement (4–5%) and insignificant contact cement (1–2% approx.) depositions. However, deeper interval (III) records a significant amount of pore-filling materials amounting average of 12% non-contact cement and 4% contact cement. Pore-filling materials demonstrate a positive correlation with the depth of burial. The fluid response is substantially affected by the degree of diagenesis, composition and spatial distribution of pore-filling materials. Shallower depth intervals (1770–1786 m and 1858–1878 m) are relatively more sensitive to fluid changes as it is affected by insignificant contact cement. The depth interval 1770–1786 m shows class II (oil) and class III (gas) amplitude variation with offset anomalies. The sand occurring in depth interval 1858–1878 m demonstrates class IIP (oil) and II (gas) anomaly. The deeper interval (2118–2170 m) is comparatively stiffer and demonstrates class I amplitude variation with offset (oil and gas sand) anomaly.