压实膨润土在盐溶液中的膨胀变形特性

采用蒸馏水以及浓度不同的NaCl溶液作为浸泡溶液,对商用膨润土进行了膨胀变形试验。结果表明在相同的荷载作用下,膨胀变形随浸泡溶液浓度的增加而减小。这是因为浸泡溶液的浓度越大,溶液的渗透吸力也越大,渗透吸力的增加将引起施加在黏土颗粒上有效应力的增加,使得在外部施加荷载相同时膨润土的膨胀变形随溶液浓度的增加而减小。当压实膨润土在盐溶液中膨胀时,其有效应力pe可分为两部分,即施加荷载部分p和渗透吸力部分p。对于浸泡于蒸馏水和NaCl溶液中的膨润土试样,其膨胀后的蒙脱石孔隙比em与有效应力pe之间的关系可采用同一关系曲线表示,此时施加于黏土颗粒上的有效应力的渗透吸力部分p=(p/)0.66。     

ATI介质中四次时差系数解析近似

非双曲（远偏移距）时差为各向异性介质中正、反演研究,特别是各向异性参数估计提供了重要信息.本文在任意空间取向TI（ATI）介质水平界面同类反射波四次时差系数(A4)精确解的基础上,进一步讨论我们推导得出的ATI介质中四次时差系数解析近似解,比较随CMP测线方位变化的近似解与精确解之间的差别,为利用近似解来解析研究ATI介质中非双曲时距以及参数反演提供有价值的信息．结合实际岩性资料的数值研究表明,ATI条件下四次时差系数近似解与精确解之间存在差别,不仅表现在A4数的大小及符号特征上,更突出地表现在A4系数随方位的变化特征上;在强各向异性条件下,近似解相比精确解存在较大误差．但在各向异性参数满足0ε-δδ｜<0.20的情况下,对于TI对称轴的特殊倾角范围(75°～80°),近似解与精确解的差别很小,可用近似解进行各向异性观测解释及参数反演．     

利用多种横波分裂分析方法评估确定各向异性参数

横波分裂分析是探测地球内部各向异性参数的重要方法.但数据的噪声水平、观测方位分布以及介质复杂程度均会影响横波分裂分析结果的稳定性,从而降低最终解的可靠性,甚至影响介质分层情况的判别.本文首先通过一系列理论测试,分析了旋转相关、最小能量和最小特征值三种横波分裂分析方法所得解随噪声水平、观测方位和介质分层情况的变化规律,发现三种方法分析结果既存在相似性也存在差异性;然后提出了利用这种相似性和差异性对最终解进行评估和确定的方案;最后将该方案应用于理论数据和南美实测数据的分析中.分析结果证明本文提出的方案不仅提高了单层或多层中的顶层介质各向异性参数的可靠性,而且可以有效鉴别介质的分层情况（单层或双层）.

     

溶蚀岩体三维随机洞体数学模型的设计

溶蚀岩体是地质体中一种特定的岩体 ,它在水流等自然因素作用下 ,生成了许多溶蚀洞体 ,本文首先对作为其载体的三维地质体进行数学描述和显示 ,然后对如何确定椭球洞体形状和大小、复杂洞体的生成、三维随机洞体的数学模型以及确定性洞体的数学描述和计算机显示进行了详尽的阐述。本文提出的溶蚀岩体三维随机洞体的数学模型为溶蚀岩体的溶蚀率和渗透特性的研究提供了可视化手段 ,能够有力地指导溶蚀岩体三维随机洞体的计算机显示的编程实践     

剪切破坏模式下确定均质岩基极限承载力的两种方法

剪切破坏是岩基中最常见的-种破坏模式, 常发生在完整岩体、破碎岩体和软弱岩体等均质岩基中。本文基于岩体经验强度准则和极限平衡法, 简单介绍了理论计算岩基极限承载力的Bell解法和Hoek -Brown解法, 以及确定岩体参数m, s,c, 的方法。最后, 结合规范, 以重庆某工程为例说明了本文方法。     

某些镁硼酸盐溶解及相转化的研究

进行了章氏硼镁石和三方硼镁石在纯水以及某些盐溶液中的溶解平衡及相转化研究。首次发现三方硼镁石在水中的转化是分两个阶段进行,从而证明尼古拉耶夫等对２５℃时ＭｇＯ－Ｂ２Ｏ３－Ｈ２O体系的研究中,三方硼镁石与章氏硼镁石的共饱点实际上是三方硼镁石向多水硼镁石发生转化的一个中间点。报导了水溶液中的某些盐类对章氏硼镁石和三方硼镁石溶解平衡及相转化有一定的增溶或阻滞相变的作用。从这些溶解转化规律中可以对盐湖镁硼酸盐的形成及其转化规律提供物理化学解释。     

张北地震近场观测资料的初步解释

本文对１９９８年１月１０日张北６．２级强震的余震观测资料进行了初步处理。测定了２０５个ＭＬ≥０．５的地震的震源位置,发现其余震多集中在一个长１０余公里,宽５￣８ｋｍ的北东向条带内;计算了较大余震的震源机制解,推测引起主震的断裂带为北东向断裂;另外,对Ｐ波记录作了频谱分析,得到其拐角频率为１０Ｈｚ左右。     

Early diagenetic imprints and U–Th isotope systematics of fossil land snail shells from the Chinese Loess Plateau

The loess-paleosol sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau provides a unique archive that records climate change in East Asia in the Quaternary, yet absolute dating of the loess deposits is challenging due to the lack of directly datable materials. Fossil land snail shells, which are made from aragonite, are widely preserved in the loess deposits and have long been used to reconstruct past environmental changes. U-series dating of fossil land snail shells has the potential to provide a route for absolute dating of the loess deposits but remains largely unexplored. In this study, we present the first systematic investigation on the U-series isotope geochemistry as well as the early diagenetic imprints of fossil land snail shells (Cathaica sp.) from the Mangshan loess-paleosol sequence in Henan province, central China. Several geochemical techniques, including Raman microscopy, SEM, LA-ICPMS, LA-MC-ICPMS, solution-MC-ICPMS, and AMS ¹⁴C dating, were employed to investigate the mineralogy, chemical and isotopic compositions of both modern and fossil snail shells to micrometer level. Our results show that the fossil Cathaica sp. shells are overall characterized by a higher degree of porosity and elevated contents of organic matter compared to live-collected shells of the same species. The layers with higher porosity and organic matter content in the fossil Cathaica sp. shell are also found to be enriched in Na, Mg, Mn, Ba, and U, indicating diffusion and adsorption of these elements by specific surface binding sites of either aragonitic lattice or organic compounds of the fossil shell. Combining in-situ measurements using LA-MC-ICPMS with solution U-series determination, we further demonstrate that fossil Cathaica sp. shell is relatively homogeneous regrading both [²³⁴U/²³⁸U] and [²³⁰Th/²³⁸U] values although the distribution of U in the fossil shell is sample-specific. The comparison of different dating results suggests that the calculated apparent closed system U–Th ages are all systematically younger (∼6000 to 13,000 years) than the corresponding shell ¹⁴C ages and quartz SAR (single-aliquot regenerative-dose) ages from the Mangshan section. We suggest that the underestimation of U–Th ages of fossil Cathaica sp. shells is very likely caused by diagenetic uptake of U that started immediately after the burial of the shell and effectively ceased when the fossil shell was isolated from the pore waters due to persistent deposition of eolian dust at the Mangshan section. Our work on both modern and fossil Cathaica sp. shells thus provides detailed morphological and geochemical characterization for the diagenetic alteration of fossil snail shells and suggests that U-series dating of fossil land snail shells may provide age constraints for dust deposits in the semi-arid region although the timing of early diagenetic U-uptake by the fossil shells need to be better quantified for reliable age determination.     

自动气象站常见的异常问题及解决方法

对自动气象站常见的异常问题进行分析,并对这些异常问题提出解决方法。