Mesozoic–Cenozoic stress field magnitude in Sichuan Basin,China and its adjacent areas and the implication on shale gas reservoir: Determination by acoustic emission in rocks

The Sichuan Basin is one of the vital basins in China, boasting abundant hydrocarbon reservoirs. To clarify the intensity of the tectonic stress field of different tectonic episodes since the Mesozoic and to identify the regional dynamic background of different tectonic movements in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas, the characteristics of the acoustic emission in rocks in different strata of these areas were researched in this paper. Meanwhile, the tectonic stress magnitude in these areas since the Mesozoic was restored. The laws state that the tectonic stress varied with depth was revealed, followed by the discussion of the influence of structural stress intensity on structural patterns in different tectonic episodes. These were conducted based on the paleostress measurement by acoustic emission method and the inversion principle of the stress fields in ancient periods and the present, as well as previous research achievements. The results of this paper demonstrate that the third episode of Yanshanian Movement (Yanshanian III) had the maximum activity intensity and tremendously influenced the structural pattern in the study area. The maximum horizontal principal stress of Yanshanian III varied with depth as follows: 0.0168 x + 37.001 (MPa), R² = 0.8891. The regional structural fractures were mainly formed in Yanshanian III in Xujiahe Formation, west Sichuan Basin, of which the maximum paleoprincipal stress ranging from 85.1 MPa to 120.1 MPa. In addition, the law stating the present maximum horizontal principal stress varies with depth was determined to be 0.0159 x+10.221 (MPa), R²=0.7868 in Wuling Mountain area. Meanwhile, it was determined to be 0.0221 x+9.4733 (MPa), R²=0.9121 in the western part of Xuefeng Mountain area and 0.0174 x+10.247 (MPa), R²=0.8064 in the whole study area. These research results will not only provide data for the simulation of stress field, the evaluation of deformation degree, and the prediction of structural fractures, but also offer absolute geological scientific bases for the elevation of favorable shale gas preservation.     

Higher-mode force response in multi-story strongback-braced frames

Strongback-braced frames employ an essentially elastic steel truss, or strongback, that distributes demands more uniformly to delay or prevent story mechanisms. Because inertial forces are no longer limited by the formation of a story mechanism, strongback-braced frames can exhibit large elastic force demands, particularly in the higher modes. This paper characterizes the higher-mode force response of strongback-braced frames. Four-story archetypes were designed using nonlinear dynamic analyses to incorporate higher-mode force demands into the design process. The response of the archetypes was compared with that of reference buckling-restrained braced frames that were allowed to form story mechanisms. The force demands in the strongback were then described using equivalent-static forces to represent the inertial forces induced by the higher modes. Force demands in the strongback arise from a yielding first-mode ‘pivoting’ and elastic higher-mode ‘bending’ response. These higher-mode force demands are elastic, ill-constrained by the strength of the yield mechanism, and depend significantly on the choice of ground motion record used for the analysis. In remaining elastic in the higher modes, the strongback distributes demands more uniformly and mitigates the formation of story mechanisms. Consequently, design and analysis methods for strongback-braced frames need to include estimates for these near-elastic higher-mode force demands.     

分布式光纤声波传感器及其在天然地震学研究中的应用

分布式光纤声波传感器(Distributed Acoustic Sensing,DAS)是近年来兴起的超密集地震观测系统,具有一系列观测密度高、观测成本低、耐受恶劣环境等优势,在油气行业得到了广泛应用,也引起了天然地震学界的关注.本文简要回顾了DAS系统的测量原理、发展历程、技术方案、介绍了测量原理及其响应特性,然后围绕多个观测实验,介绍浅部结构成像、深部结构探测和地震监测三个方向的典型应用实例,最后讨论了DAS系统在天然地震学研究中应用面临的挑战和发展趋势.     

含孔隙、裂隙地层随钻多极子声波测井理论

储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙与裂隙,对钻井中的测井声波产生重要影响.基于孔、裂隙介质弹性波理论,导出了随钻声波测井的井孔声场表达式.据此考察了地层裂隙密度与含气饱和度的变化时井孔内随钻多极子模式波（斯通利波、弯曲波和螺旋波）的速度、衰减与灵敏度以及地层纵、横波的响应特征.裂隙密度与含气饱和度对模式波的速度频散与衰减都有影响,且两参数的值越大,影响越大.具体来说,速度对裂隙密度更敏感,而衰减对含气饱和度更敏感.具有"艾里相"特征的随钻偶极和四极子波在地层含气时产生强烈衰减,可以作为判断地层含气的一个明显指示.理论模拟与实际测井数据分析结果符合较好.     

Seafloor seismic acquisition using autonomous underwater vehicles

Although narrow-azimuth towed-streamer data provide good image quality for structural interpretation, it is generally accepted that for wide-azimuth marine surveys seabed receivers deliver superior seismic reflection measurements and seismically derived reservoir attributes. However, seabed surveys are not widely used due to the higher acquisition costs when compared to streamer acquisition. In recent years, there have been significant engineering efforts to automate receiver deployment and retrieval in order to minimize the cost differential and conduct cost-efficient seabed receiver seismic surveys. These engineering efforts include industrially engineered nodes, nodes on a rope deployment schemes and even robotic nodes, which swim to and from the deployment location. This move to automation is inevitable, leading to robotization of seismic data acquisition for exploration and development activities in the oil and gas industry. We are developing a robotic-based technology, which utilizes autonomous underwater vehicles as seismic sensors without the need of using a remotely operated vehicle for deployment and retrieval. In this paper, we describe the autonomous underwater vehicle evolution throughout the project years from initial heavy and bulky nodes to fully autonomous light and flexible underwater receivers. Results obtained from two field pilot tests using different generations of autonomous underwater vehicles indicate that the seismic coupling, and navigation based on underwater acoustics are very reliable and robust.     

考虑间歇充填和浓度效应的充填体长期强度试验研究

为探究不同充填间隔时间(FTS)和料浆浓度对胶结充填体长期强度影响机制,配制70%、72%、75%三个浓度、充填间隔时间为12、24、36、48 h的两分层胶结充填体试件,开展单轴抗压强度(UCS)试验并探究其力学特性及其破坏形式。试验结果表明,（1）胶结充填体峰值抗压强度随充填间隔时间增大而呈递减趋势,充填间隔时间一定时胶结充填体抗压强度随料浆浓度增大而增大,且峰值抗压强度与充填间隔时间呈多项式函数规律;（2）胶结充填体试件加载过程中表现为压密阶段、线弹性阶段、裂纹扩展阶段和破坏发展4个阶段,随充填间隔时间延长,胶结充填体的破坏形式可能表现为张拉破坏–拉剪破坏过渡–拉剪混合破坏的损伤模式。研究结论能够为后期充填体强度设计和稳定性控制提供有益参考。     

The asymmetric elastic wavefields in a model comprising a liquid layer overlying an anisotropic solid seabed due to an arbitrary source within the solid

The asymmetric three-dimensional radiation pattern and resultant elastodynamic response of stress waves in a model comprising a compressible water column overlying a transversely isotropic seabed in which a time-harmonic source acts is theoretically investigated. The use of potential functions, the Hankel transform, and a Fourier series expansion are adopted to deal with the equations of motion for both media. Closed-form integral expressions are developed for the potentials and the stress/displacement components. The expressions and introduced procedure are sufficiently flexible to incorporate various types of source loads. To evaluate the field quantities, the residue method and a robust integration scheme are utilized to handle the poles and branch points within the integrand. Any possible number of dispersive propagation modes are taken into account in the integral evaluation. The deduced velocity dispersion curves depict the characteristics of the various modes. They also indicate the existing singular points (poles) for a specific dimensionless frequency and the surface wave type associated with each pole. Numerical results are presented for the hydrodynamic pressure and displacement in the liquid layer and stress and displacement components in the solid seabed due to distributed and concentrated source excitations. The formulation and the numerical scheme are valid for calculating the wavefield anywhere within the model including both far- and near-field effects. The sensitivity of the results to different parameters is also analyzed. Both analytical and numerical comparisons with existing solutions for simpler cases are made to confirm the validity of the results. The results are especially useful in seismic hazard assessment of submarine earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. They can also be extended to deal with the fluid-solid-structure interaction problems.     

适用于声波方程数值模拟的时间-空间域隐式有限差分算子优化方法

声波方程数值模拟已广泛应用于理论地震计算,同时构成了地震逆时偏移成像技术的基础.对于有限差分法而言,在满足一定的稳定性条件时,普遍存在着因网格化而形成的数值频散效应.如何有效地缓解或压制数值频散是有限差分方法研究的关键所在.有限差分格式分为显式有限差分和隐式有限差分.隐式有限差分能够进一步压制数值频散效应.因此本文提出了给定频率范围满足时间-空间域隐式有限差分频散关系的方法,并根据震源频率、波速和网格间距确定波数范围,在此基础上建立方程确定了相应的隐式有限差分系数,使得差分系数能在更大频率范围符合波场传播规律.通过频散分析和正演模拟,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

三维随钻反射声波成像测井的数值模拟

采用有限差分方法对基于圆弧片状声源和接收器的三维随钻反射声波成像测井进行模拟,研究了反射信号的幅度、相位等参数随方位和源距的变化规律,着重分析了利用该方法在水平井中对地层界面进行探测的可行性.研究结果表明,钻铤的存在使得圆弧片状声源能够向固定方位辐射声场,其主瓣三分贝角宽窄,旁瓣级低,向目的方位辐射的纵波场的幅度约为传统环状声源的0.6倍,适用于三维随钻反射声波成像测井;对于本文计算的井孔模型,反射波信号约为井孔导波信号的1/100;随着源距的增加,反射纵波幅度逐渐减小,转换波(P-SV、SV-P)的幅度先增加后减小,反射SV波的幅度增加,建议在实际应用中,选择合适源距的波形进行处理,并对其他非目的波动进行压制,以期获得更好的成像效果.本文模拟了在水平井中对地层上下界面进行探测的例子,结果显示,反射波纵波信号有较好的方位分辨率,能够准确获得井外波阻抗不连续界面的方位,而且对上、下界面的成像互不影响.     

一种新型海底沉积物声学原位测量系统的研制及应用

为了能够精确地测量海底表层沉积物的声学参数,自主研制了一种新型海底沉积物声学原位测量系统,与国内外传统的声学原位测量系统相比,该系统能够实时显示声波波形,调整测量参数,其工作方式除了站位式测量之外,还实现了拖行式连续测量,极大地提高了工作效率.根据前期海试情况,对海底仪器结构进行了重新设计,使之可以同时测量海底沉积物及海底海水的声学参数,同时建立了双向数字信道,解决了测量过程中系统信号的干扰问题.该系统的结构分为两部分:甲板控制单元和水下测量单元,整套系统通过主机控制程序进行控制,采用GPS定位系统测定仪器的大地坐标.为了检验系统的稳定性及准确性,分别进行了实验室水槽实验和海上试验.利用水声测量设备对测量系统进行实验室水槽标定分析,实验结果表明系统测量值相对误差仅为0.04%,测量结果具有较高的精度.海上试验在青岛胶州湾和东海海域进行,获得了试验区域海底沉积物声速和声衰减系数的测量数据,将测量数据与他人的研究结果进行对比分析,结果表明测量数据与前人研究结果一致,较为准确.该原位测量系统在站位式测量和拖行式测量中都能够快速准确地测量出沉积物声速和声衰减系数,可以作为海底底质声学测量的调查设备.