Macrofauna Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Sea

Abstract. During two expeditions with RV ‘Meteor’ in summer 1993 and winter 1997/98 the structural and functional diversity of the benthic system of the highly oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean deep sea was investigated. The macrofauna communities were dominated by polychaetes even at the deepest stations. The fauna at shallow stations was dominated by surface deposit feeders, whereas subsurface deposit feeders and predators generally increased with depth. A high percentage of suspension‐feeding Porifera was found in the Levantine Basin. Mean abundance and number of taxa of both expeditions were significantly correlated to depth and distance to the nearest coast as well as to the total organic carbon (TOC) content in sediments. Numbers of taxa and abundance decreased generally with depth, although lowest numbers were not found at the deepest stations but in the extremely oligotrophic Levantine and Ierapetra Basin. Biomass measured during the second cruise was extremely low in the Ierapetra Basin and comparable to other extreme oligotrophic seas. The significant correlations found for TOC contents and macrofauna with distance to coast during both expeditions apparently reflect the role of hydrographically governed transport of organic matter produced in coastal regions into greater and extreme depths of the Mediterranean Sea. Seasonal differences in macrofauna communities due to seasonal differences in food supply were not found. However, recent large‐scale hydrographic changes (Eastern Mediterranean Transient, EMT) might change the oligotrophy and, thus, the structure of the benthic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean deep sea.     

Numerical modelling of the impact crater depth-diameter dependence in an acoustically fluidized target

2D numerical modelling of impact cratering has been utilized to quantify an important depth-diameter relationship for different crater morphologies, simple and complex. It is generally accepted that the final crater shape is the result of a gravity-driven collapse of the transient crater, which is formed immediately after the impact. Numerical models allow a quantification of the formation of simple craters, which are bowl-shaped depressions with a lens of rock debris inside, and complex craters, which are characterized by a structural uplift. The computation of the cratering process starts with the first contact of the impactor and the planetary surface and ends with the morphology of the final crater. Using different rheological models for the sub-crater rocks, we quantify the influence on crater mechanics. To explain the formation of complex craters in accordance to the threshold diameter between simple and complex craters, we utilize the Acoustic Fluidization model. We carried out a series of simulations over a broad parameter range with the goal to fit the observed depth/diameter relationships as well as the observed threshold diameters on the Moon, Earth and Venus.     

测井方法测定含煤地层的岩石弹性参数

本文论述了利用声波全波列数字测井资料提取横波的两种方法:子波逼近法和相似相关法。根据测井获得的纵波、横波和密度资料,计算了岩石的弹性模量,所得结果有足够的精度,为煤矿生产和建设提供了有用的岩石物理力学参数。文中还讨论了用静态法和动态法所测得的弹性模量存在的某些差别。     

南黄海中西部海底空间沉积特征及工程地质特性

南黄海海区被认为是我国在海上进行公益性、战略性油气资源评价的有利海区,但目前该海区海底深度方向上沉积特征及工程地质特性的研究仍较少。本文利用2009年6月及2010年6月在南黄海中西部海底获取的287个站位的沉积物柱状样品,通过粒度分析、物理力学性质测试,得到了该海域海底的空间沉积特征及沉积物工程地质特性:研究区海底表层沉积物类型多样,西南海底以粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂为主,力学强度较高,不易压缩,但由于较强的水动力条件,易冲刷粗化;东北海底以粉砂质黏土、黏土质粉砂为主,力学强度低,极易压缩;研究区海底深度方向上沉积物类型并非单一,常由几种类型沉积物互层组成,沉积物基本物理性质和力学性质随埋深变化的情况主要与沉积物类型有关,其次是压实作用。一定程度上,可利用本文给出的拟合函数,通过压缩波速估算研究区海底沉积物的孔隙度。     

Problems in the calibration of an acoustic device for the observation of bedload transport

Developments in theoretical and empirical modelling of bedload transport processes are hindered by the lack of an adequate data base for testing or establishing the models. Conventional methods of measuring bedload transport rates fail to provide the necessary continuous or frequent record of variations at a single section. Acoustic techniques have the potential to overcome this deficiency, but their application has been very limited. Some of the problems of calibrating an acoustic device in the field and in a laboratory flume are discussed, and a possible circuit design described which might minimize calibration difficulties by automatically subtracting the noise generated by flow turbulence.     

基于声学全波形反演的油气藏地震成像方法

岩性油气藏在我国天然气勘探开发中占有非常重要的位置,其分布区域的成像是合理布设井位,提高钻井成功率的关键之一.本文首先基于地下介质的声学近似和波场回传理论,利用频率域单程声波方程延拓计算地震波场,进行全波形反演,获得地层密度和体积模量的定量成像,并依据油气藏物性特征和流体饱和多孔介质岩石物理模型,简要讨论了孔隙度和饱和度与密度及体积模量的关系,明确了地震油气藏成像新概念.在此基础上,定义了基于流体体积模量和孔隙度的成像函数,进行油气藏成像.理论模型计算表明该方法是可行的.通过对西部地区某气田二维地震数据处理,实现了致密砂岩气藏成像,钻井结果证实了气藏区域成像位置的准确性和方法的有效性.     

Correlation failure analysis of an uncertain hysteretic vibration system

In this paper, a numerical method for correlation sensitivity analysis of a nonlinear random vibration system is presented. Based on the first passage failure model, the probability perturbation method is employed to determine the statistical characteristics of failure modes and the correlation between them. The sensitivity of correlation between failure modes with respect to random parameters characterizing the uncertainty of the hysteretic loop is discussed. In a numerical example, a two-DOF shear structure with uncertain hysteretic restoring force is considered. The statistical characteristics of response, failure modes and the sensitivity of random hysteretic loop parameters are provided, and also compared with a Monte Carlo simulation.     

声波在两种多孔介质界面上的反射和透射

本文导出了声波在两种多孔介质界面上反射、透射的一般计算公式.作为例子,数值计算了P₁波入射于界面时,P₁、P₂和S波的反射、透射系数与声波频率、入射角等量之间的关系.结果表明,各种模式波的反射、透射系数与入射角、多孔介质性质有关,在Biot特征频率附近与频率有关,并用界面两侧的法向能流相等验证了结果的正确性.若把多孔介质当作均匀固体处理,将会得到显著不同的结果.     

裸眼井中软地层多极子源激发的弹性波的传播

利用全波场和分波场算法对裸眼井软地层中由单极子源和多极子源（偶极子源和四极子源）激发的弹性波进行了数值研究,给出了声波全波列理论波形、纯纵波和纯横渡理论波形及纵横波的频率传输特性曲线.结果表明,纯纵波和纯横波是无频散几何衰减波;除了在vs>（1-ρ1/ρ2）1/2v1的井眼中由单极子源激发的横波无传播特征频率外,纵横波都具有各自的传播特征频率,纵波的传播特征频率有一系列离散值,横波的传播特征频率只有一个且等于非对称模式波的截止频率;多极子源激发的纵波传播特征频率的最小值大于横波的传播特征频率,随着极子数增多,二者的特征频率值皆增高,差别也越大,因此,当声源发射主频较低,接近横波传播特征频率而远离纵波传播特征频率时,低频多极子源将压制纵波并激发出较强的横波,分析结果还表明,通常所说的低频多极子源激发出的横波波群实际上是纯横波与截止频率附近的非对称模式波叠加的结果,在其它条件不变时,二老对横波波群相对贡献的大小取决于声源激发主频的高低及其带宽的大小.     

B-polarization induction in two thin half-sheets coupled to the mantle by a conducting crust—II. Solution by the mode-matching method, the fields above the conductors, and example results

The mode-matching method is used to obtain an exact analytical solution to the problem of B -polarization induction in two adjacent thin half-sheets, lying on a conducting layer that is terminated by a perfect conductor at finite depth. These components of the model represent, respectively, the Earth's conducting surface layers, crust, and mantle. In dimensionless variables, the model has three independent parameters, these being the two thin-sheet conductances and the layer thickness. The mode-matching solution obtained in this paper is shown to be identical lo that derived via the Wiener-Hopf method in a companion paper (Dawson 1996), and so provides additional verification of that solution. As was shown in the companion paper, the solution for the present model contains, as special limiting cases, those for three models considered earlier by various authors. The second part of the present paper addresses the solutions for the electric fields in the non-conducting half-space above the conductors, which represents the atmosphere. In the final part, sample numerical calculations are presented to illustrate the solution.