关于GPS高程测量精度的分析比较*

通过对联测了25个四等水准的GPS点,分别用平面拟合模型和曲面拟合模型解算各点的正常高与四等水准结果比较,得出一些有益的结论,对GPS的实际生产具有一定的指导意义.     

Establishment of the GPS Monitoring Network in North China, the Relation of Horizontal Crustal Movement to Stress Field and Seismicity

In the paper, the establishment, measurement, data-processing program and monitoring accuracy of the GPS seismic monitoring network in North China, especially in the Capital-Circle area, have been presented briefly. The relation of horizontal crustal deformation to tectonic movement, stress-field variation and seismicity has been analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the accuracy of GPS measurement has reached the order of 10-9 and the annual rate of horizontal crustal deformation in North China is about 4 ~5 mm. Horizontal crustal movement is a direct indication of the regional stress field. Therefore, by monitoring the time-sequence variation of horizontal crustal motion, it would be possible to investigate the change in the stress field, to analyze the tendency of seismicity and to determine the seismogenic zones.     

Strain analysis from objects with a random distribution: A generalized center-to-center method

Existing methods of strain analysis such as the center-to-center method and the Fry method estimate strain from the spatial relationship between point objects in the deformed state. They assume a truncated Poisson distribution of point objects in the pre-deformed state. Significant deviations occur in nature and diffuse the central vacancy in a Fry plot, limiting the its effectiveness as a strain gauge. Therefore, a generalized center-to-center method is proposed to deal with point objects with the more general Poisson distribution, where the method outcomes do not depend on an analysis of a graphical central vacancy. This new method relies upon the probability mass function for the Poisson distribution, and adopts the maximum likelihood function method to solve for strain. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by applying it to artificial data sets generated for known strains. Further analysis of these sets by use of the bootstrap method shows that the accuracy of the strain estimate has a strong tendency to increase either with point number or with the inclusion of more pre-deformation nearest neighbors. A poorly sorted, well packed, deformed conglomerate is analyzed, yielding strain estimate similar to the vector mean of the major axis directions of pebbles and the harmonic mean of their axial ratios from a shape-based strain determination method. These outcomes support the applicability of the new method to the analysis of deformed rocks with appropriate strain markers.     

The stability and reproducibility of Tris buffers in synthetic seawater

The equimolal Tris buffer (0.04 mol/kg-H₂O Tris + 0.04 mol/kg-H₂O Tris-HCl) prepared in synthetic seawater of salinity 35 has been shown to be stable when sealed in a borosilicate glass bottle with a greased ground-glass stopper (drift rate ≤ 0.0005 in pH per year). The error in pH of such buffers resulting from uncertainties in the preparation of such buffers is typically less than 0.002 in pH (relative to the results of DelValls and Dickson, 1998 [DelValls, T.A., Dickson, A.G., 1998. The pH of buffers based on 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (‘tris’) in synthetic sea water. Deep-Sea Research I, 45, 1541–1554]).     

基于偶极子模型的潜航器异常重力场及探测平台需求分析

重力探潜是一种具有发展潜力的非声学探潜技术,目前仍处于理论探索阶段.本文推导了垂直偶极子模型的引力和引力梯度垂向分量的解析公式,分析了它们的空间分布特征.基于偶极子模型给出了一种潜航器异常重力场的仿真方法,并通过实例验证了方法的有效性,分析了潜航器重力异常和重力垂直梯度的空间变化,及其对重力探潜传感器精度和平台稳定性的...     

英国北海区域卫星遥感与船测海面温度场的比较

运用北海研究计划期间（１９８８年９月－１９８９年９月）所采集的海面温度数据与同一期间的ＮＯＡＡ卫星的ＡＶＨＲＲ遥感温度数据，检验由卢瑟福实验提出的ＲＡＬ线性模式反演的海面温度与船测海面温度之间的误差。检验结果表明，误差在０．９℃左右。由此得出结论，ＲＡＬ模式应用于北海这样的小尺度海域并不十分完善（因为这个模式是根据全球大气模式提出的）。因此，有必要利用小尺度海域当地的资料，建立相应的适合于具体海域     

Accuracy assessment of the global forest watch tree cover 2000 in China

Inaccurate information on forest resources could hamper forest conservation, reforestation and sustainable management. Remote-sensing products have emerged as key tools in forest cover monitoring. The Global Forest Watch (GFW) dataset as an interactive remote sensing product, is now applied by more than 2 million users including researchers, conservationists and local communities for analyzing forest cover changes. The quality of this product varies spatially, and local validations are recommended before using the data for inventory and management tasks. Our study evaluated the accuracy and suitability of the GFW dataset for analyzing China’s forest cover. We conducted a validation based on a streamlined visual interpretation procedure using high-resolution optical imagery on Google Earth to map the uncertainties and inaccuracies of GFW Tree Cover 2000 in China. We then estimated China’s forest area after considering the data uncertainty, made a comparison with the data reported by the National Forest Inventory of China (CNFI) to understand where and how the land-based inventory differs from the presence/absence-based remote sensing data. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the GFW Tree Cover 2000 data reached 94.5 %. The user’s and producer’s accuracy of forest classification was 89.26 % and 82.13 %. The sample-based area estimation using GFW showed a larger forest area than the figure reported by CNFI in mainland China, while data discrepancy varied at provincial levels. The study provides a detailed performance assessment of GFW in terms of accuracy of defining forest, and we advise the consideration of data uncertainty in forest cover estimates for future forest management.     

应用GPS/重力数据确定（似）大地水准面

作为GPS/重力边值问题理论及方法的应用,本文在对GPS/重力方法确定（似）大地水准面的原理进行简要介绍与分析的基础上,利用收集到的N区的702个GPS重力数据以及52个高精度的GPS水准数据,计算出该区域的似大地水准面. 通过拟合法和系统差直接改正法进行的精度分析表明,应用GPS/水准方法确定的该地区似大地水准面的精度达到厘米级.     

基于卫星高度计的全球大洋潮汐模式的准确度评估

依据152个深海验潮站与大洋岛屿地面验潮站观测得到的8个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1)调和常数,对现有7个全球大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验,结果显示各模式在深海大洋区域均达到了比较高的准确度:M2分潮的潮高均方根偏差在1.0～1.3cm之间;8个分潮的和方根偏差在2.1～2.3cm之间,与早期的模式相比,准确度又有了进一步提高。还依据中国近海18个岛屿的调和常数对其中的5个大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验,结果表明,M2分潮均方根偏差在4.4～10cm,明显高于大洋的均方根偏差。其中日本国家天文台的潮汐模式NAO99在中国近海的结果相对较准确。     

激光跟踪仪坐标测量精度分析

激光跟踪仪是目前精度最高的移动式坐标测量系统,其实际测量精度是否符合标称精度,直接决定了测量精度能否满足需求精度,因此对仪器坐标测量精度的分析显得十分重要。坐标转换模型是反应多站测量坐标精度的理论基础,不同模型在反应仪器精度的准确性、精确性、稳定性和计算速度等方面有较大差别。本文对常用的坐标转换模型进行了对比分析,得出结论是四元数模型具有算法严谨、抗奇异性、表达简洁、运算快速和易于实现等优点,适用于计算坐标转换精度。本文以Leica AT901_b激光跟踪仪为例,进行坐标测量精度分析。多次设站获取同一组目标点数据,每测站与目标点保持良好网形结构,数据处理时首先排除粗差并检验可靠性,然后采用四元数模型计算坐标转换参数,并通过最小二乘平差算法解算参数精度及坐标测量精度。另外,为了反应激光跟踪仪的坐标测量精度与目标点距离的关系,本文以Leica AT901_b为例进行实验,在测程内由远及近多次设站获取数据,计算坐标测量内符合精度并给出了目标点距离与坐标精度的关系曲线。