Brine transport in porous media: On the use of Von Mises and similarity transformations

In this paper we use a Von Mises transformation to study brine transport in porous media. The model involves mass balance equations for fluid and salt, Darcy's law and an equation of state, relating the salt mass fraction to the fluid density. Application of the Von Mises transformation recasts the model equations into a single nonlinear diffusion equation. A further reduction is possible if the problem admits similarity. This yields a formulation in terms of a boundary value problem for an ordinary differential equation which can be treated by semi‐analytical means. Three specific similarity problems are considered in detail: (i) one‐dimensional, stable displacement of fresh water and brine in a porous column, (ii) flow of fresh water along the surface of a salt rock, (iii) mixing of parallel layers of brine and fresh water. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

十一运会各赛区气象灾害风险评估

利用山东省17个比赛城市1971—2007年8—10月的逐日气象资料,用统计方法对各种灾害性天气进行了风险评估。结果表明:十一运会期间有9种气象灾害,不同月份的气象灾害风险有差异,其风险等级由高到低依次为:8月雷电、暴雨、台风、大雾、冰雹、大雨、高温、大风;9月雷电、大雾、大风、暴雨、大雨、连阴雨、台风、高温和冰雹;10月大雨、大雾、大风、连阴雨、暴雨、高温、冰雹、台风。开幕式、闭幕式日发生上述气象灾害的概率很小。评估结果在十一运会气象保障中得到应用。     

Interrelation between QBO and 11-year solar cycle effects in total column ozone over Europe

On the basis of total column ozone (TO) data obtained in the period of 1957–2007 at 10 ground-based European stations, characterized by long and highly reliable measurements, the effects of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and 11-year solar cycle (11-year SC), manifesting in TO are investigated. The results of comparative analysis of seasonal differences between different QBO/solar extremes convincingly demonstrate interrelation between the QBO and 11-year SC effects. It is shown that solar activity modulates the phase of the QBO effect so that the quasi-biennial TO signals during solar maximum and solar minimum are nearly in opposite phase. It is also demonstrated that isolated under permanent conditions of solar minimum or solar maximum the QBO effects in TO have the time scale of about 20 months. Solar modulation of the QBO effect makes the QBO a conductor of the solar cycle impact on TO over Europe. The mechanism of influence of the 11-year SC on the QBO and probably includes its impact on the QBO amplitude in the equatorial lower stratosphere, mainly through weakening of the equatorial easterlies during solar maximum.     

Use of suppressive subtractive hybridization and cDNA arrays to discover patterns of altered gene expression in the liver of dihydrotestosterone and 11-ketotestosterone exposed adult male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

In this study male largemouth bass (LMB) were exposed to the naturally occurring androgens, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in order to identify genes that are differentially regulated by these steroid hormones. Using subtractive hybridization on livers of fish treated with DHT against vehicle control, many novel LMB genes were cloned. These genes were added to our gene library and arrayed. Six genes were up-regulated and five were down-regulated by both androgens. But, each androgen also regulated specific genes. One gene that was identified as a potential androgen marker was spermidine-spermine-N¹-acetyltransferase that was up-regulated by both androgens. Determining which genes are responsive to natural androgens will help to identify biochemical pathways that are impacted.     

CMIP5模式对太阳活动准11年周期激发类拉尼娜型海温的评估

利用24个第五次耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5,CMIP5)历史试验资料,本文评估了在太阳年代际尺度准11 a周期变化下能否激发出热带太平洋显著的类拉尼娜型海表温度异常的模拟能力。再分析资料分析结果表明,“自下而上”机制解释了在太阳强迫偏强的年份,热带太平洋更容易呈现出显著的类拉尼娜型海温异常。CMIP5模式的评估结果显示,有2/5的模式可以基本再现再分析资料中太阳强迫影响下的热带东太平洋海温负异常,这些模式分为类拉尼娜组;而另有3/5的模式模拟出了相反的信号,分为类厄尔尼诺组。为了进一步探讨CMIP5模式模拟能力不同的原因,本文分析了“自下而上”机制在模式中的表现。“自下而上”机制可分为蒸发过程和海洋恒温(thermostat)过程。结果表明,模式能否模拟出类拉尼娜型海温响应取决于thermostat过程的强弱,其中类拉尼娜组的thermostat过程更强;而蒸发过程没有起到关键作用。     

岩性识别技术现状与进展

岩性智能预测在地质钻探中具有重要意义,可以提高勘探、开采效率和成果质量。基于钻进过程中钻头破碎岩石产生的振动信号,提出一种岩性随钻智能预测方法。选取7类尺寸相同的不同岩性的岩石,并设计微钻实验方案,对岩石施加不同钻速、转速以采集多钻进条件下的随钻三轴振动信号,对信号进行预处理滤除干扰信息,通过短时傅里叶变换生成表征信号时频域特征的时频图像,再利用多种数据增强方法增加图像数量并建立为数据库,以增强模型鲁棒性和泛化能力。改进深度学习中VGG11(Visual Geometry Group)卷积神经网络算法,将数据库划分为训练集∶测试集=8∶2,对训练集图像的有效信息进行特征提取、学习、迭代训练以获得岩性智能预测模型,并不断调整模型的3个超参数(学习率、批处理大小、迭代次数),拟合测试集和训练集损失函数曲线以提高模型预测精度。最后用测试集对模型进行多指标评估。结果表明：基于随钻振动数据训练得到的岩性智能预测模型泛化能力强,具有高预测精度,岩性整体预测准确率达到96.85%。重点讨论了数据集数量对岩性预测准确率的影响;不同的钻进条件会引起随钻振动信号产生一定规律性的变化,岩石性质会使得振动信号在三轴方向上有所变化;X、Y、Z轴信号表征着钻进过程中钻头破碎岩石的不同过程。提出的岩性实时智能预测方法为钻探工程现场中岩性预测提供了一定的依据和借鉴。

     

Precession of the isolated neutron star PSR B1828−11

Stairs, Lyne & Shemar have found that the arrival-time residuals from PSR B1828−11 vary periodically with a period ≈500 d. This behaviour can be accounted for by precession of the radio pulsar, an interpretation that is reinforced by the detection of variations in its pulse profile on the same time-scale. Here, we model the period residuals from PSR B1828−11 in terms of precession of a triaxial rigid body. We include two contributions to the residuals: (i) the geometric effect, which arises because the times at which the pulsar emission beam points towards the observer varies with precession phase; and (ii) the spin-down contribution, which arises from any dependence of the spin-down torque acting on the pulsar on the angle between its spin     and magnetic     axes. We use the data to probe numerous properties of the pulsar, most notably its shape, and the dependence of its spin-down torque on     , for which we assume the sum of a spin-aligned component (with a weight  1 − a   ) and a dipolar component perpendicular to the magnetic beam axis (weight a ), rather than the vacuum dipole torque  ( a = 1)  . We find that a variety of shapes are consistent with the residuals, with a slight statistical preference for a prolate star. Moreover, a range of torque possibilities fit the data equally well, with no strong preference for the vacuum model. In the case of a prolate star, we find evidence for an angle-dependent spin-down torque. Our results show that the combination of geometrical and spin-down effects associated with precession can account for the principal features of the timing behaviour of PSR B1828−11, without fine tuning of the parameters.     

The Characteristics of the X-ray Flares (1-8, GOES) of the Different Classes and Their Variations in Two Cycles of Solar Activity

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