Development and morphometry of drainage network in volcanic terrain, Central Anatolia, Turkey

This paper presents the results of morphotectonic and morphometric research carried out in order to determine the neotectonic development of the volcanic mountains and a drainage network in SW Cappadocia. The study area extends among the Aksaray, Ni?de, and Nev?ehir Provinces. The study area comprises Hasanda?, Melendiz, Keçiboyduran, Göllüda? Mountains and the adjacent parts of these volcanic mountains.Data collected exclusively from 1:25,000 digitised topographic maps and 10 m-resolution DEMs were used to define parameters related to the longitudinal profile of streams. The study area was divided into 10 volcanic units. Longitudinal profiles of 20 streams and stream orders were analysed to determine a regional tectonic differentiation pattern in these units. The streams in the study area drain into four different tectonic depressions. These depressions are Aksaray plain controlled by the Tuz Gölü fault (TGF), Çiftlik plain controlled by the Keçiboyduran–Melendiz fault (KMF), Misli plain controlled by the Derinkuyu fault (DF), and Bor plain controlled by the Ni?de Fault Zone (NFZ). An analysis of morphometric parameters shows that the development of a drainage network is associated with faults and rock resistance. Occurrence of morphometric parameters with different values in units reveals that the volcanic mountains were not uplifted in the same period and were subjected to different morphologic processes. High total order number in the south of Hasanda? (unit 3) and Melendiz Mountains (unit 7) indicate that the uplift ratio of the southern part is much greater than that of the northern part. Moreover, development of the drainage network in the south is in a more advanced phase than in the north. Indeed, the drainage network in the north is in the youngest erosional phase of all parts of the study area. The increased stream length-gradient indices (SL), and stream gradients and an analysis of headward erosion show that the streams displaying the longest and highest reach of the erosional phase are all in the southern part of Keçiboyduran and Melendiz Mountains. The longitudinal profile (Lp) of the present thalweg of the streams is irregular. The irregular Lp are associated with four different causes. These are geological variations in resistance, tectonics, and volcanic topography and downcutting in response to stream incision. The beginning of the fluvial incision in the northern part is younger than in the south.     

HCFC-123与CFC-11的对比评价

通过模拟计算压力比、单位容积制冷量和理论循环制冷系数等性能指标，对比评价HCFC－123和CFC－11两种制冷工质。理论分析表明：HCFC-123工质性质接近于CFC－11，是当前可以接受的CFC－11的过渡性替代工质．     

Early and Middle Pleistocene vegetation history of the Médoc region,southwest France

Pleistocene deposits, together with their pollen, plant macrofossil, foraminiferal, dinoflagellate and coleopteran remains, from five sites along the Atlantic coast of the Médoc Peninsula are described and discussed. Sediments making up the Négade Formation are shown to have been laid down under either estuarine or lagoonal conditions when closed Quercus–Pinus‐Tsuga canadensis regional woodland existed. Comparison with plant records from The Netherlands indicates that these deposits are most likely attributable to either the Early Pleistocene Bavel Interglacial (marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 31), or an interglacial of the Waalian (MIS 37–49) or Tiglian (MIS 63–79). In addition, clays assigned to the Argiles du Gurp sensu stricto, were similarly deposited in either an estuary or lagoon, which subsequently was cut off from the sea. A freshwater lake with vegetation dominated by Azolla filiculoides then developed. This was succeeded by reedswamp and an organic mud (termed Lignite in the corresponding French stratigraphical records) formed. Regional Quercus–Abies woodland was replaced by one with Pinus dominant and Pterocarya a minor component. Comparison with plant records from France and other parts of Europe suggest that the clays and organic mud might be correlated with the Holsteinian (Praclaux) Interglacial (MIS 11c). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaporation estimation models for Lake Eğirdir,Turkey

Lake E?irdir is located in the Lakes District in southwestern Turkey and it is the second largest freshwater resource lake. Evaporation is an important parameter in hydrological and meteorological practical studies. This study has three objectives: (1) to develop models for the estimation of daily evaporation using measured data from the automated GroWeather meteorological station located near Lake E?irdir; (2) to compare the evaporation models with the classical Penman approach; (3) to evaluate the potential of each model. The comparisons are based on daily and monthly available data from 2001 and 2002. The evaporation estimation models (EEMs) developed in this paper have lower mean absolute errors and higher coefficient of determination R² values than the Penman method. In order to evaluate the potential of the EEMs, daily evaporation values are calculated by the Priestley–Taylor, Brutsaert–Stricker, de Bruin, Makkink and Hamon methods. The EEMs are statistically indistinguishable from the classical methods on the basis of the parameters of mean, standard deviation, etc. In the evaluation of daily and monthly values, the relative error percentage for daily evaporation has lower values than for monthly evaporation. It can be seen that the EEMs help in calculating daily evaporation rather than monthly. Final evaluation and comparison indicate that there is a good agreement between the results of EEMs and the Penman approach than with the classical methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Photometry of four binary subdwarf B stars and the nature of their unseen companion stars

We present light curves of four binary subdwarf B stars (sdB), Ton 245, Feige 11, PG 1432+159 and PG 1017−086. We also present new spectroscopic data for PG 1017−086 from which we derive its orbital period,   P =0.073 d  , and the mass function,   f _m=0.0010±0.0002 M_⊙.  This is the shortest period for an sdB binary measured to date. The values of P and f _m for the other sdB binaries have been published elsewhere. We are able to exclude the possibility that the unseen companion stars to Ton 245, Feige 11 and PG 1432+159 are main-sequence stars or subgiant stars from the absence of a sinusoidal signal, which would be caused by the irradiation of such a companion star, i.e. they show no reflection effect. The unseen companion stars in these binaries are likely to be white dwarf stars. In contrast, the reflection effect in PG 1017−086 is clearly seen. The lack of eclipses in this binary combined with other data suggests that the companion is a low-mass M-dwarf or, perhaps, a brown dwarf.     

三种新型数字探空仪GTS11、GTS12、GTS13性能评估

根据2020年1－4、7月,3种新型探空仪在林芝探空站使用情况,选取最多有效资料,采用静态和动态分析的方法对其性能评估,结果表明：①1－4月新仪器不合格、重放仪器的百分率,由大到小排列,不合格：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12,重放：GTS11、GTS12、GTS13。② 7月20：00规定等压面层700～250hpa区间上,新仪器观测要素值的平均与标准值比较,偏差绝对值的最大偏差,由大到小排列,温度：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12。位势高度：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12。③新仪器单日20：00探空秒数据要素值与标准值比较,偏差的绝对值范围内出现次数所上百分比,由大到到小顺序排列,温度≤0.50℃：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12;湿度≤5%：GTS13、GTS11、GTS12。     

涠西南凹陷涠洲11区南部流沙港组流一段沉积微相特征

涠西南凹陷涠洲11区南部流沙港组油气特征明显,但目的层段岩性复杂,储层横向变化快,连通性差,因此对沉积微相与砂体的成因分析很有必要。本文通过岩心精细观察描述,结合粒度资料、测井资料和地震资料的分析,对流一段沉积相类型进行了探讨,识别出两种沉积相类型：水进型扇三角洲和正常三角洲。其中扇三角洲可划分为扇中和扇端两个亚相,三角洲划分为三角洲前缘和前三角洲两个亚相,并在各相带内共识别出11种微相类型。探讨了流一段4个亚段的沉积微相特征、平面展布及垂向演化：早期（L1下）为湖平面逐渐上升的扇三角洲沉积,晚期（L1h ）为不断向前讲积的三角洲沉积。     

Sensitivity analysis of thermal equilibrium parameters of MIKE 11 model: A case study of Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China

Sensitivity analysis of thermal equilibrium parameters in the reservoir module of MIKE 11 model was conducted for the Wuxikou Reservoir in Jiangxi Province of China in order to apply the module to the environmental impact assessment to accurately predict water temperature of reservoirs.Results showed that radiation parameter A and evaporation-first parameter were much more sensitive than other parameters.The values of the radiation parameter A ranged from 0.10 to 0.34.The values of evaporation-first parameter varied from 0 to 10.The sensitivity of solar absorption parameters was less than that of evaporation parameter,of which light attenuation values ranged from 0.5 to 0.7,and this parameter would not impact model results if it was more than 2.Constants in Beer’s law ranged from 0.2 to 0.7.Radiation parameter B was not more sensitive than evaporation parameter and its reasonable range was higher than 0.48.The fitting curves showed consistent changing tendency for these parameters within the reasonable ranges.Additionally,all the thermal equilibrium parameters had much more important effects on surface water temperature than deep water temperature.Moreover,if no observed data could be obtained,the local empirical value would be used to input to the MIKE 11 model to simulate the changes in the discharged outflow-water temperature qualitatively.     

1900—2010年地磁场水平分量梯度的全球变化

本文根据最新的国际地磁参考场模型(IGRF11),结合梯度法分析能够很好的表现细微变化部分特征的优点,计算和绘制了1900—2010年期间间隔5年的全球地磁场水平分量H的水平梯度和垂直梯度,分析其时空分布,各磁异常中心位置和强度的变化规律。结果表明,地磁场的各个异常中心位置在水平方向和垂直方向上都有变化,主要以西漂为主,南大西洋正磁异常区水平分量梯度异常中心点强度值变化最大。     

Terrestrial and freshwater carbonates in Hoxnian interglacial deposits, UK: micromorphology, stable isotopic composition and palaeoenvironmental significance

MIS 11 is often considered to be the best climatic analogue for the Holocene. Many studies have suggested, however, that it is a period of extreme climate warmth comparable in temperatures to the Middle and Late Pliocene. In Britain deposits of the Hoxnian interglacial are correlated to MIS 11 and multi-proxy techniques can be used to reconstruct the climate of this interglacial. Soil, groundwater and freshwater carbonates are common in Hoxnian deposits and the stable isotopic composition of these precipitates can be used to increase our understanding of MIS 11 environments in Britain. Carbonates from Marks Tey, Clacton, Swanscombe, Elveden and West Stow are studied, the stratigraphic context of which indicates that their formation is broadly synchronous (in the mid-Hoxnian, pollen zones Ho II to Ho III). The carbon isotopic composition of groundwater and pedogenic carbonates is typically depleted with respect to δ¹³C (ca −9 to −8‰ VPDB) reflecting uptake of plant respired CO₂ during water migration/recharge. The carbon isotopic composition of lacustrine carbonate is more enriched with respect to δ¹³C (ca 0-1‰VPDB) reflecting the equilibration of lake waters with atmospheric CO₂. The δ¹⁸O of groundwater and pedogenic carbonates is slightly more enriched than modern soil carbonates but not as enriched as soil carbonates formed under interglacials that were warmer than the Holocene (i.e. the Cromerian). The stable isotopic composition of Hoxnian carbonates does not, therefore, indicate that this interglacial was characterised by uniquely warm climates in the context of other Middle Pleistocene interglacials and the Holocene. This is contrary to many marine and littoral records from around the world but consistent with environmental records from Britain and Europe.