Divergent evolution in fluviokarst landscapes of central Kentucky

Central Kentucky is characterized by a mixture of karst and ?uvial features, typically manifested as mosaic of karst‐rich/channel‐poor (KRCP) and channel‐rich/karst‐poor (CRKP) environments. At the regional scale the location and distribution of KRCP and CRKP areas are not always systematically related to structural, lithological, topographic, or other controls. This study examines the relationship of KRCP and CRKP zones along the Kentucky River gorge area, where rapid incision in the last 1·5 million years has lowered local base levels and modi?ed slopes on the edge of the inner bluegrass plateau. At the scale of detailed ?eld mapping on foot within a 4 km² area, the development of karst and ?uvial features is controlled by highly localized structural and topographic constraints, and can be related to slope changes associated with retreat of the Kentucky River gorge escarpment. A conceptual model of karst/?uvial transitions is presented, which suggests that minor, localized variations are suf?cient to trigger a karst–?uvial or ?uvial–karst switch when critical slope thresholds are crossed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of landslide frequencies and characteristics in a natural system,coastal British Columbia

Two hundred and one debris slides and debris ?ows were analyzed in a 286 km² study area on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The study area remains essentially untouched by humans and therefore affords a natural setting in which to examine slope processes. Landslides were identi?ed and characterized on aerial photographs from 1:15 000 to 1:31 680, and were then mapped and transferred to a GIS for analysis. Based on detailed landslide surveys, we propose a new method to accurately determine volume of landslides of this type by measured total area. Results indicate average denudation rates of 56 m³ y^?1 km^?2, and higher natural rates of failure than analogous regions in coastal British Columbia. In contrast, the landslide rates are substantially less than those from forested watersheds. Landslide distribution is spatially clustered in air photograph epochs, and we propose intense storm cells within regional events as the causal mechanism. Further, failures occurred preferentially over the West Coast Crystalline Complex (by 1·4 times), a metamorphic assemblage of gabbros, schists and amphibolites, but 1·5 times less often over the Island Plutonic Suite, a granitic intrusive formation. The former result represents a new ?nding, while the latter corroborates ?ndings of previous authors. We examined magnitude–frequency relationships of the data set and present for the ?rst time a strong argument that the rollover effect is not merely an artefact, but is instead a consequence of the physical characteristics of the landslides themselves. We subsequently analyzed magnitude–frequency relationships from two other complete data sets from coastal British Columbia and produced a family of curves corroborating this result. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating contributions of sources of soil CO2 at the shallower layer in a Japanese larch forest area

Soils contain about twice the amount of carbon presented in the atmosphere, so a small change in the soil carbon will influence atmospheric chemistry and heat balance. The soil carbon ultimately exchanged with the atmospheric CO2 as soil CO2, which mainly exists at the depth of 0-20 cm. The transport of soil CO2 is affected by the sources of soil CO2. Thus, separation of the contributions of sources of soil CO2 is a fundamental need to understand and predict implications of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. It is a complicated task, so that a number of different methodological approaches such as component integration, root removal, and gap analyses have been developed. However, these methods could not avoid changing soil characteristics such as air-filled porosity, soil temperature and soil water contents. Consequently, fractional contributions of respiration of living root and decomposition of soil organic matter to the total soil CO2 cannot be estimated correctly. In this study, based on mass balance theory of both concentrations and δ^13C of soil CO2, a trenching method with a stable-isotope technique was used to determine both soil CO2 sources at the depth of 3-13 cm in a Japanese larch forest area during 30 May to 7 October 2005 and fractional contributions of these sources. Experimental results showed that the amount of atmospheric CO2 invaded the soil air was not significantly variable while its percent rate in the total soil CO2 had significantly temporal variations with the lower values between 5 August and 1 September. The litter-layer decomposition was very small. The soil CO2 derived from the respiration of living root and the decomposition of soil organic matter showed significantly temporal variations with increase from 30 May to 5 Aug. and decrease from 1 September to 7 October, 2005; and it accounted for 82%-98% of the total soil CO2 in which the respiration of living root was in the range from 32% to 62%.     

CBERS-02 WFI的辐射交叉定标及其对植被指数的作用

本文以MODIS作为参考传感器，对CBERS-02星上的WFI传感器进行辐射交叉定标，得到WFI两个波段TOA辐亮度、表观反射率的增益与计数值偏移量，两个波段的计数值偏移量分别为42和21个DN左右。利用定标结果计算图像上另一均匀区的表观反射率。与MODIS反演的表观反射率比较验证。WFI与MODIS第1波段的表观反射率相差3．6％，第2波段相差-3．6％。检验结果说明，本文得到辐射交叉定标系数的精度能满足定量化应用的要求。为了说明辐射定标对植被指数的影响，本文选择5个实验区，比较分析了实验区图像辐射定标前后的NDVI。当WFI的DN值扣除定标得到的数字计数值偏移量后，DN值的NDVI与表观反射率的二次非线性拟合度可达99％。另外。WFI辐射定标前后的NDVI、RVI与MODIS反演的NDVI、RVI的比较分析说明，WFI辐射定标后表观反射率值的植被指数与MODI反演植被指数较接近，而且两个传感器RVI的差异小于NDVI的差异。     

基于小波变换的CBERS-02图像薄云薄雾去除的方法研究

大气活动的干扰是遥感技术发展的最大限制之一,对星载的可见光、近红外波段的光学探测器而言,大气中云雾的干扰更是不易处理。为了促进CBERS-02星CCD传感器图像的定量化应用,在对以往有关遥感图像薄云去处方法的研究的基础上,本文提出了对含薄云的CBERS-02 CCD图像进行适当层次的小波分解,然后对分解的图像进行同态滤波,最后进行图像重构而去除薄云的方法。试验结果表明,该方法既能有效的去除薄云,又可较好的保持图像细节。     

基于直方图匹配的CBERS-02B CCD影像镶嵌时拼接缝消除试验

对现有的影像拼接缝消除方法的优缺点进行了分析,提出了基于直方图匹配的拼接缝消除方法,并用云南省范围的影像进行了试验。结果表明:直方图匹配方法可以较好地消除CBERS-02B CCD影像镶嵌时产生的拼接缝,并使其色调基本保持一致。     

1:10 000 DLG交通核心要素快速更新的卫星影像数据源的比较与选择

对1∶10 000 DLG交通核心要素快速更新的卫星数据源进行比较和分析,主要是分辨率为2.5 m的ALOS,SPOT5和2.36 m的中巴02B卫星影像。从数据质量、校正精度、重访时间及价格对它们进行了分析与比较,综合这些因素认为三者中ALOS是目前最佳数据源,SPOT5可作为数据补充,而02B影像由于校正精度较差不能选用。     

资源三号02星激光测高数据质量分析

近几年来,中国的对地观测卫星激光测高技术发展较快,资源三号02星上搭载了国内首台对地观测的卫星激光测高试验载荷,在后续的高分七号、陆地生态系统碳监测卫星上均装备业务化应用的激光测高仪,开展国产对地观测卫星激光测高数据质量分析研究非常必要,能有效填补国内空白并推动相关技术发展。本文对资源三号02星载荷的激光测高数据进行了严密几何处理,重点从夜间观测、卫星小角度侧摆、海面区域等不同条件下的数据质量进行了分析,对数据的平均可用率进行了统计分析。试验表明,资源三号02星激光测高仪能获得约30%有效测高数据,在夜间数据有效利用率略有提高,在大型水面也能获得有效数据,经后处理后在平坦地区验证的绝对高程精度优于1.0 m,部分点高程精度优于0.5 m,硬件本身的测距精度和卫星姿态测量误差是主要的误差源。相关结论对于后续国产卫星激光测高载荷的研制以及数据后处理和应用具有参考价值。     

水力内割刀在中国东部海区科学钻探套管卡阻事故处理中的应用

中国东部海区科学钻探CSDP-02井完钻井深2843.18 m。为后续开展相关科研工作,完井后要进行扩孔钻进施工。扩孔前需起拔井内φ114 mm套管,由于套管在井内时间较长,井壁失稳,套管起拔遇卡,无法正常起出。采用水力内割刀工艺,分段割取遇卡套管,提高单次起拔遇卡套管长度,经济、高效地解决了该井套管卡阻事故。本文结合工程实例,对水力内割刀的使用方法及要点进行了阐述。