区域可持续发展的地理教学视角

区域可持续发展作为高中地理必修3的主要内容,在当前的教学中存在着诸多问题,离新课标的预期目的还有一定距离。其中有高二文理分科的影响,有教学认识的误区,也有教学内容本身的高度综合有关。本文根据多年的教学实践,结合地理学思想的相关理论,提出了空间的视角、时间的视角、演绎的视角、归纳的视角、问题的视角等五种教学的切入策略,对区域可持续发展的教学有一定借鉴意义。     

A review on statistical models for identifying climate contributions to crop yields

Statistical models using historical data on crop yields and weather to calibrate relatively simple regression equations have been widely and extensively applied in previous studies, and have provided a common alternative to process-based models, which require extensive input data on cultivar, management, and soil conditions. However, very few studies had been conducted to review systematically the previous statistical models for indentifying climate contributions to crop yields. This paper introduces three main statistical methods, i.e., time-series model, cross-section model and panel model, which have been used to identify such issues in the field of agrometeorology. Generally, research spatial scale could be categorized into two types using statistical models, including site scale and regional scale (e.g. global scale, national scale, provincial scale and county scale). Four issues exist in identifying response sensitivity of crop yields to climate change by statistical models. The issues include the extent of spatial and temporal scale, non-climatic trend removal, colinearity existing in climate variables and non-consideration of adaptations. Respective resolutions for the above four issues have been put forward in the section of perspective on the future of statistical models finally.     

利用CFP技术解决复杂近地表问题综述

复杂近地表条件会降低地震数据的质量,通常采用基于地表一致性的时移静校正消除其影响.但静校正与速度是密不可分的,而确定复杂近地表速度是非常困难的.基于CFP技术处理复杂近地表问题时避免了对速度的直接操作,使得静校正和速度的确定相互独立.首先根据叠前数据估算出波场的传播算子,然后依据等时原理在DTS模板中进行算子更新,再用这些更新的算子重建基准面和实现近地表单程时间成像.获得正确的算子振幅也是重建基准面的关键.     

滇西马厂箐斑岩铜(钼)矿床成岩成矿时限的厘定

滇西马厂箐富碱侵入岩为一复式岩体,存在多期次岩浆侵入活动;最早岩浆活动始于52Ma,中期岩浆活动为42～47Ma,晚期岩浆活动最强烈,其时间为33～37Ma,末期岩浆活动为29～32Ma。马厂箐铜钼矿床早期成矿发生在37～40Ma左右,晚期成矿大约在34—35Ma;与区域上其它与富碱侵入岩有关矿床的形成时间相当吻合。马厂箐矿床在时、空上与矿区富碱侵入岩关系密切,其成矿作用主要与晚期的岩浆侵入活动有关。     

对中强地震发震时间的模糊灰色预测

本文视地震系统为模糊灰色系统,由此建立关于发震时间的模糊灰色预测模型,该模型认为已知地震样本集及待预测集的震级分布属模糊正态分布,应用模糊聚类思路于样本集元素的选取,引入最佳震级从属函数μ~*的选择过程。针对可能产生的趋势性偏差,根据实际资料对模型进行了修正。并以华北平原地震带、燕山渤海地震带及山西地震带为例,对模糊灰色GM(1,1)预测模型的实际应用及有关问题进行了初步讨论。     

驻马店主汛期大暴雨时间分布及影响系统

利用本区1960－2000年历史资料和天气图资料，对驻马店市主汛期（6－8月）出现的大暴雨进行分型统计，得出大暴雨的时间分布特征、起止时间、维持时间及主要影响系统。     

被动源海底地震仪数据预处理技术构建与应用

被动源海底地震仪(OBS)探测是海洋深部结构研究的重要方法之一.受投放区洋流、海底地形崎岖,以及海底温压环境等多种因素影响,OBS数据预处理面临时钟漂移,姿态及水平方位角偏差等问题.本文基于国产OBS硬件结构特点与其观测数据特性,针对仪器姿态校正、时间校正和水平方位角校正三个关键环节构建技术解决方案.通过硬件架构特征构建仪器姿态校正方案;结合仪器记录的石英晶振特点和背景噪声互相关方法提出时间校正技术;基于最小化P波切向分量能量和P波主成分分析两个技术方法进行水平方位角校正.上述预处理技术体系在苏拉威西海域被动源OBS数据预处理中取得了良好的应用效果,综合背景噪声水平与地震信号的时频分析结果,表明该预处理技术能有效提高被动源OBS观测数据质量,为进一步的科学研究奠定坚实基础.     

基于随机集合的非传统型有效波极值模型

The analysis and design of offshore structures necessitates the consideration of wave loads. Realistic modeling of wave loads is particularly important to ensure reliable performance of these structures. Among the available methods for the modeling of the extreme significant wave height on a statistical basis, the peak over threshold method has attracted most attention. This method employs Poisson process to character- ize time-varying properties in the parameters of an extreme value distribution. In this paper, the peak over threshold method is reviewed and extended to account for subjectivity in the modeling. The freedom in selecting the threshold and the time span to separate extremes from the original time series data is incorpo- rated as imprecision in the model. This leads to an extension from random variables to random sets in the probabilistic model for the extreme significant wave height. The extended model is also applied to different periods of the sampled data to evaluate the significance of the climatic conditions on the uncertainties of the parameters.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000113

<正>Against the current background of global climate change,the study of variations in the soil carbon pool and its controlling factors may aid in the evaluation of soil's role in the mitigation or enhancement of greenhouse gas.This paper studies spatial and temporal variation in the soil carbon pool and their controlling factors in the southern Song-nen Plain in Heilongjiang Province,using soil data collected over two distinct periods by the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey in 2005—2007, and another soil survey conducted in 1982—1990.The study area is a carbon source of 1479 t/km~2 and in the past 20 years,from the 1980s until 2005.the practical carbon emission from the soil was 0.12 Gt.Temperature,which has been found to be linearly correlated to soil organic carbon,is the dominant climatologic factor controlling soil organic carbon contents.Our study shows that in the relevant area and time period the potential loss of soil organic carbon caused by rising temperatures was 0.10 Gt,the potential soil carbon emission resulting from land-use change was 0.09 Gt,and the combined potential loss of soil carbon(0.19 Gt) caused by warming and land-use change is comparable to that of fossil fuel combustion(0.21 Gt).Due to the time delay in soil carbon pool variation,there is still 0.07 Gt in the potential emission caused by warming and land-use change that will be gradually released in the future.     

叠前时间偏移在华北地区的应用

从应用的角度较详细地论述了三维叠前克希霍夫时间偏移的过程。在给定合理的偏移孔径下,三维叠前克希霍夫时间偏移利用均方根速度对叠前地震数据进行逐道处理,从而得到准确的归位数据。叠前时间偏移相对叠后时间偏移而言,前者能够进一步提高地下信息的成像质量及归位准确性,信噪比和分辨率也得到了改善,能够满足精细的地震资料的解释。因此,三维叠前克希霍夫时间偏移对于速度变化平缓、地下构造较复杂的地区具有广泛的应用价值。