黄土高原的前世今生

如果把黄河比作华夏民族的母亲河,那沧桑厚重的黄土高原就用父亲宽广的胸怀为华夏民族提供了静默深沉的守护。水的浸润,土的滋养,庇佑了这片土地上人民的繁衍和文明的兴盛。大风吹来的高原数千万年以前,板块运动使得青藏高原不断抬升,阻挡了印度洋方向的季风以及所携带的水汽,亚洲内陆地区因而变得干旱,逐渐岀现了大面积的沙漠。     

趣味地震学(4):人为失误的头号地质灾难

国际地球年启动之时,联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)[1]于2008 年2 月12 日公布了《工程师和地质学家错误引发的灾难警示录》(Cautionary Tales Caused by the Failure of Engineers and Geologists),共有5 个最严重事件。除1985 年哥伦比亚火山泥流、2002 年北奥塞梯的冰川坍塌、2004 年印度洋海啸、全球洪水外,位居首位的是意大利瓦依昂水库的滑坡(图1)。研究该工程的奥地利地质学家Müller L 沉重地讲:“这是人类的错误、科学的错误,也是缺乏知识的结果”[2]。我们需要认真地了解,错误出在何处?     

印度洋上层经向翻转环流的冬夏季节对比

上层经向翻转环流(shallow meridional overturning circulation, SMOC)主导热带-副热带上层海洋水体交换,对海洋物质输运和热量交换具有重要意义。基于7套海洋再分析数据产品,本文主要探讨了印度洋SMOC的冬夏季节变化及其差异的原因。结果显示,印度洋SMOC主要由南半球副热带环流圈(southern subtropical cell, SSTC)和跨赤道环流(cross-equatorial cell, CEC)组成,并且具有显著的季节差异。夏季风期间, SSTC和CEC均为表层南向输运,表层以下北向输运的逆时针环流结构。冬季风盛行时, SSTC仍维持逆时针结构,但环流中心南移且深度加深,强度弱于夏季;然而, CEC却转向为表层北向输运,表层以下向南输运的顺时针环流结构,其环流中心位置与夏季接近,环流强度与夏季相当。这种印度洋SMOC冬夏结构差异究其原因主要由风生环流主导, CEC冬夏季节环流方向反转是北印度洋冬夏季风转向的结果,而南印度洋信风的季节性位移和强度变化是SSTC强度和位置季节差异的主要原因。     

太平洋战争图史:悲情马来亚

“……有多少努力、希望和计划都随着这两艘战舰沉入了大海。”“英国史上最沉痛的浩劫,规模最大的投降,就在新加坡。”     

2000—2015年夏秋季孟加拉湾湾口区涡流相互作用能量学特征

文章主要使用全球简单海洋资料同化分析系统(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation, SODA)产出的海洋再分析数据产品和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NCEP)发布的风场资料, 通过能量学方法分析了2000—2015年夏季至秋季(6—11月)孟加拉湾涡-流相互作用特征在不同印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)事件发生年的表现。结果表明, 在IOD负位相年更强的西南季风背景下, 涡动能和涡势能的量值均较大, 海洋不稳定过程更多地将平均流场的能量输向涡旋场, IOD正位相年反之。另外, 研究发现孟加拉湾湾口区的涡动能在个别年份会发展出一种与气候态存在显著异常的空间分布, 即在个别年份湾口中央海域异常出现涡动能极大值。通过对出现该异常现象最显著的2010年进行个例分析, 发现当年的孟加拉湾海表风场发展出一个气旋式环流异常, 显著地改变了海洋上层环流形态, 极大地影响了平均流场与涡旋场之间的相互作用。进一步对维持涡动能平衡的各做功项进行诊断后发现, 湾口异常海域涡动能年际变化的主要影响因素为海洋内部的压强做功, 其次是正压不稳定过程和平流的做功, 海表风应力做功项贡献较小。     

DGS AT1M-3海洋重力仪的应用及精度评估

为了评估DGS AT1M-3海洋重力仪的精度,首先通过分割的有效重力测线进行重力异常质量的内符合精度评价,得出该海洋重力仪测量精度符合海洋调查规范要求。然后与Sandwell v23测高卫星重力异常进行比对分析,对重力异常质量进行外符合精度评价,可看出DGS测量异常与Sandwell卫星测高异常在整体变化趋势上基本一致。最后以西南印度洋断桥热液区为例,简要阐述DGS所测重力数据的有效性。通过评估,可知该海洋重力仪在动态环境下的工作性能较好,测量精度较高,为今后的海洋矿产资源勘探提供新的测量工具。     

云南雨季降水异常的热带海温和大气环流异常分析

利用云南地区32个站日降水量资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均大气环流资料和ERSST V3b的海表温度资料,利用合成分析、相关分析等方法,研究了影响云南雨季降水的太平洋-印度洋海温分布模态,并讨论了ENSO和热带印度洋偶极子(IOD)对云南雨季降水多寡影响的相对重要性,最后讨论了太平洋-印度洋海温分布型对云南雨季降水影响的物理机制。结果表明,热带太平洋ENSO和热带印度洋IOD对云南雨季降水多寡均有影响,但是热带印度洋IOD的影响更为重要。当热带西印度洋海温偏高明显(IOD正位相)时,在热带印度洋上有一偏东风,热带西印度洋上为一气旋性距平环流,其上的印度洋的暖湿气流向北进入大陆,然后经由高原南侧并由北向南进入孟加拉湾,从而抑制了孟加拉湾南支槽的发展和孟加拉湾暖湿空气向我国云南地区的输送,使得云南上空为水汽通量辐散区,降水偏少;当热带印度洋海温偏低且热带印度洋东西海温梯度表现为IOD负位相时,热带印度洋上没有偏东风,孟加拉湾槽偏强,向我国云南地区的水汽输送也偏强,云南上空为水汽通量辐合区,降水偏多。     

南印度洋中尺度涡统计特征及三维合成结构研究

南印度洋是海洋中尺度涡的多发区域。本文利用卫星高度计资料及Argo浮标资料,对南印度洋（10°~35°S, 50°~120°E）区域中尺度涡的分布、表观特征等进行了统计分析,采用合成方法,构建了该区域中尺度涡的三维温盐结构。结果表明,涡旋频率呈明显的纬向带状分布,在18°~30°S存在一个明显的涡旋频率带状高值区;涡旋半径具有由南至北逐渐增大的趋势;长周期涡旋在其生命周期内,半径、涡动能、涡能量密度、涡度等性质均经历了先增大而后减小的过程;涡旋以西向运动为主,在经向上移动距离较小,长周期气旋（反气旋）涡具有明显的偏向极地（赤道）移动的倾向;涡旋平均移动速度为5.9 cm/s,速度大小大致沿纬向呈带状分布。在混合层以下,气旋涡（反气旋涡）内部分别呈现明显的温度负（正）异常,且分别存在两个位温负（正）异常的冷（暖）核结构;气旋涡（反气旋涡）整体上呈现"正-负"（"负-正"）上下层相反的盐度异常结构。中尺度涡对温盐的平均影响深度可达1 000×104 Pa以上。     

基于深度卷积嵌入式聚类（DCEC）的海洋环境特征提取对渔情预报模型的改进研究

In order to improve the forecasting ability of the fishery forecast model for the longline bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), we proposed a marine environment feature extraction method based on deep convolutional embedded clustering (DCEC), combined with generalized additive model (GAM) for forecasting the longline bigeye tuna fishing grounds in the Southwest Indian Ocean. We used the MODIS-Aqua and MODIS-Terra sea surface temperature (SST) three-level inversion image data (in days) from January to December in 2018 at 0.041 6°×0.041 6° to construct a DCEC model, determined the optimal number of clusters based on the Davies-Bouldi index (DBI), and extracted the category feature value (F_M) of each month’s sea surface temperature (SST); we used monthly 1°×1° bigeye tuna longline fishery data from January to December in 2018 generated from the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), and calculated the catch per unit effort (CPUE); we matched the monthly category feature value F_M and the monthly average value of Chl a concentration with the CPUE data to construct an improved GAM; we matched the monthly average SST, the monthly average Chl a concentration and CPUE data to build a basic GAM; we used the joint hypothesis test (F test) to verify the influence of model explanatory variables; we used akaike information criterion (AIC), mean square error (MSE), and draw the frequency distribution diagrams and box diagrams of measured and predicted values, etc., to analysis the improvement effect of the improved GAM compared to the basic GAM. The results showed that: (1) the category feature value (F_M) extracted based on the DCEC model could better reflect the temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics of SST in the Southwest Indian Ocean, and was related with the climatic conditions, monsoon conditions, and hydrological characteristics in the Southwest Indian Ocean; (2) the factor interpretation of F_M was higher than that of the monthly average SST in GAM, which means F_M had more significant impact on the CPUE of bigeye tuna. The high catch rate was concentrated in the areas where the F_M category was 2, 10, 24 with intersections between the warm and cold currents; (3) the AIC of the improved GAM was reduced by 9.17% than that of the basic GAM and MSE of the improved GAM was reduced by 26.7% than that of the basic GAM; the frequency distribution of the CPUE logarithmic value predicted by the improved GAM was closer to the normal distribution, and the high frequency distribution interval was closer to that of the measured value; the scatter plot showed that the CPUE predicted by the improved GAM had a significant correlation with the measured CPUE, with r equaled to 0.60. This study proves the effectiveness of the DCEC model in extracting marine environmental features, and can provide a reference for the further study on the bigeye tuna fishery forecast.     

2013年赤道波动调制下的东印度洋春季Wyrtki急流季节内变化研究

A strong spring Wyrtki jet(WJ) presents in May 2013 in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The entire buildup and retreat processes of the spring WJ were well captured by two adjacent Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers mounted on the mooring systems. The observed zonal jet behaved as one intraseasonal event with the significant features of abrupt emergence as well as slow disappearance. Further research illustrate that the pronounced surface westerly wind burst during late-April to mid-May, associated with the active phase of a robust eastwardpropagating Madden–Julian oscillation in the tropical Indian Ocean, was the dominant reason for the rapid acceleration of surface WJ. In contrasting, the governing mechanism for the jet termination was equatorial wave dynamics rather than wind forcing. The decomposition analysis of equatorial waves and the corresponding changes in the ocean thermocline demonstrated that strong WJ was produced rapidly by the wind-generated oceanic downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave and was terminated subsequently by the westward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave reflecting from eastern boundaries of the Indian Ocean.