大行星位置测定的现状

大行星位置的测定是天体测量和天体力学中一项长期而重要的任务。本文介绍了测定大行星位置的意义,重点概括了大行星位置测定的现状,最后讨论了高精度测定外行星位置的困难及今后努力的方向。     

ECOLOGICALLY STRATEGIC POINTS IN LANDSCAPE AND SURFACE MODEL

Various processes occur across a landscape, including ecological processes such as the movement of species, the flow of nutrients, the spread of fire and other disturbances, and the diffusion of pollutants, economic processes such as land conversion for agricultural production, marketing of new product, transportation and immigration; political and diplomatic processes such as the construction of political influence sphere at local, national and global scale. At the fact of limited space and resources on the surface of the earth, a generic issue regarding these processes across the landscapes is: how to control (promote or retard) the processes efficiently, namely using less energy and space for a bigger influence sphere. The overall assumption for this issue is that, there are some positions and portion in a landscape that may have critical influence on a certain process across the landscape. These critical positions in a landscape are called strategic points. Occupancy of these strategic points may give a process the momentum of controlling and covering the landscape more effectively, due to their quality of; Initiative, occupancy of these points may give the process the advantage of leading the game; Co-ordlnation, occupancy of these points may give the process the advantage of forming an overall influence sphere; Efficiency, occupancy of these points may give the process the advantage of having a bigger coverage of the landscape while costing less energy. By identifying and using these critical positions and portions in the landscape, therefore, may unproportionately increase the efficiency of controlling this process. It is further assumed that, in order to take control of the landscape, the process has to overcome a certain resistance. A resistance surface can therefore visualize the dynamics of the process itself. The resistance surface resembles a topographic surface, indicating where the process (flow) diverges or converges. It is, therefore, possible to identify strategically important positions or portions in a landscape that may have important influence on the dynamics of the process. Assuming species movement across a landscape is a competitive gaming process of control and coverage against some resistance, this paper discusses a methodology of identifying strategic points according to the properties of resistance surfaces which resembles a gaming board as well as a topographic surface. Three types of resistance surfaces are discussed: The archipelago type: where lower resistance islands are surrounded by higher resistance matrix, representing such landscapes as agricultural fields dotted with native forest patches. The network type: where the lower resistance portions form a linear network surrounded by higher resistance matrix. The plateau type: where, areas with higher resistance are surrounded by lower resistance matrix. Accordingly, five types of strategic points are identified in terms of their locations. They are strategic points at saddle points , at intersections, at the center, at an edge and at a corner. Strategic points for biodivershy conservation are minimax points in a given resistance surface associated with the dispersibility of a certain species. A case study is used to illustrate the methodology. The rules leading to the strategic points are largely hypothetical, though supported by a limited number of observations. This approach may provide a framework and a new model of thinking for field observations of landscape ecology as well as landscape change.     

景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型

本文讨论了如何根据景观阻力表面特征来判别景观生态战略点的方法,论述了三种类型的景观阻力表面;岛屿型、网络型和高原型。相应于各种阻力表面类型,得出五种景观战略点的空间位置：鞍部战略点．交汇处战略点,中央战略点,边缘战略点和角落战略点。     

天王星卫星CCD（SRT）位置测量的数字图象处理

天然卫星的位置测量在天体测量和天体力学中都有重要意义。国外有人对天王星卫星位置测量应用新的图象处理方法得到了高精度的卫星观测资料。利用云南天文台１米望远镜上获得的两颗卫星的ＳＲＴ的ＣＣＤ观测资料进行了新老图象处理方法的比较研究。当用两颗卫星直接作定标测量ＣＣＤ的比例尺和指向时表明：主星晕的处理对卫星位置的测量非常重要。去晕处理后,测得的比例尺和指向的弥散将大为减少。     

青藏高原东北侧短时强降水阈值确定及特征分析

基于临夏州2006—2018年4—9月自动气象站逐日小时降水量,在传统降水百分位法、Z指数法和平方根变换法3种方法中,确定了短时强降水阈值的最佳计算方法,在此基础上分析临夏州短时强降水的时空分布特征。平方根变换法确定的临夏州短时强降水阈值为14.6 mm·h^(-1)。临夏州短时强降水空间分布表现为自中南部分别向西北和东南减少,短时强降水年平均出现次数为7.3次,2018年出现次数最多;7—8月短时强降水出现频次最多,占短时强降水总频次的81.1%,8月达到最高峰,占总频次的55.8%;短时强降水日变化呈4峰分布,短时强降水主要出现在18:00—23:00,占短时强降水总频次的55.8%;小时最大降水量为55.8 mm,出现在22:00;短时强降水持续时间为1 h的占90.5%,同一时次出现1站次短时强降水的占93.3%,临夏州短时强降水多为阵发性,且空间分布多为孤立零散。     

基于MFAC的数控机床位置伺服系统

数控机床位置伺服系统是数控机床的重要组成部分,是一个复杂的机电系统,其控制受多方面因素的影响,控制难度较大,且其位置精度会影响数控机床的加工精度.本文以数控机床的位置伺服系统作为研究对象,通过改进算法来提高系统性能.本文基于传统的PI控制,采用紧格式动态线性化（CFDL）方法进一步对速度环与位置环进行改进,设计出改进前的无模型自适应控制（MFAC）,之后通过增加控制项来对改进前MFAC算法进行改进,得到改进后的MFAC算法.将两种算法在Matlab/Simulink中分别进行仿真,结果表明改进后的MFAC控制方案能够保持改进前MFAC控制方案的优点,并且位置跟随性能增强,具有良好的鲁棒性.     

COMMENT ON THEORY OF LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

A Summary It has been rightly pointed out by Alfred Weber that location of industries may be grouped under two categories, v!z: transport orientation and labour orientation.The former is too well known to n'eed further comment, but the importance of laborer as a factor in industrial geography has not yet been fully appreciated. Of the industries with labour orientation, many examples may be cited. The watch-making industry of Switzerland is a classical example. The development of automobile and     

不确定度在计量法规中的运用

随着国家质量技术监督局推行国际不确定度建议,不确定度将在我国涉及量值的领域被人们接受然而传统的“准确度”、“精度”等术语和“不确定度”应如何区别,正确使用,技术法规中该如何规定此类技术指标,是目前普遍感困惑的问题。本文就这些问题参与讨论。     

大亚湾北部沿岸污水排海位置优化选择的研究

阐述了大亚湾北部沿岸污水排海位置优选的方法。根据研究海区的水深条件、海岸地形特点、欧拉余流流场、海流流速、渔业水产、旅游等资源的分布特征和水质条件等，定性地确定６个预选排污海区。然后利用Ｒｏｂｅｒｔｓ的近区初始稀释模型和二维水质模型，以南海石油化工项目的污水排海为例，定量地计算被确定的六个预选排污海区的稀释扩散输移能力。通过比较，认为大亚湾北部沿岸的污水不适宜就近排入靠岸海域。当污水量不大时，排污位置选在距马鞭洲岛南端以东约４ｋｍ处（即Ｃ海区），可达到环境、经济、社会三大效益协调统一的效果。但当污水量较大，排海污染物量大时，排污海域的位置应选择在赤洲岛与黄毛山岛之间，即Ｅ海区．或在Ｃ海区与Ｅ海区之间。