科学技术革命背景下的我国海洋管理对策

分析了新科学技术革命背景下海洋科技与海洋经济、海洋科技与海洋管理的关系以及我国海洋管理面临的形势。因此,我国海洋管理应加强海洋综合管理的科学基础研究,完善海洋综合管理的法规体系,改革和完善海洋综合管理体制,构建符合海洋发展形势的海洋管理规划体系。     

数值模拟静态应力扰动下的断层失稳:结果分析兼与Dieterich模型和Coulomb模型的对比

基于大量岩石力学实验,Dieterich和其他研究者(Dieterich,1978;Ruina,1983)首先提出了描述岩石摩擦过程的速率-状态摩擦定律(R-S摩擦定律).如今R-S摩擦定律已成为研究地震成核等地震演化机制的有效手段.Dieterich(1992,1994)最早提出了描述受静态剪应力扰动后断层失稳时间提前或推后的余震触发机制的解析模型.现在Dieterich模型已经成为解释余震随时间衰减规律的Omori定律等地震观测现象的有力工具.与之相对应,广泛使用的Coulomb应力失稳模型也可以给出断层受到静态剪应力扰动后,断层失稳时间的提前和推后量.Dieterich模型和Coulomb应力失稳模型基于不同的物理方法,所以在进行地震危险性评估时,二者均有各自的局限性.本文利用R-S摩擦定律控制的1-D弹簧-滑块模型,模拟计算了理论地震循环以及在不同静态剪切应力扰动下,失稳时间的提前和推后量的变化情况,然后将计算得到的时间提前和推后量分别与Dieterich模型和Coulomb模型的相应计算结果进行了定量化对比和差异性分析,并给出了相应的解释.数值模拟结果显示,对于R-S摩擦定律在参数不变的条件下,断层模型失稳时间的提前和推后量的大小强烈依赖于静态剪应力扰动的大小和作用时间,而且绝对值相同的正、负向静态剪应力扰动造成的失稳时间的提前和推后量的变化情况并不完全一致.在震后松弛/滑移阶段和闭锁阶段,时间提前和推后量是常数,且随静态剪应力扰动绝对值的增大而增大,两者的比值接近于1.0,这与Dieterich模型和Coulomb模型的结果是一致的,相应的差值小于两模型结果的10%.而在自加速阶段,模拟计算结果则存在与Dieterich模型和Coulomb模型结果不同的特征.首先,在自加速阶段模拟计算结果均偏离Coulomb模型,而且时间提前和推后量的比值小于1.0,相异于Coulomb模型的论断.不过当受到正向静态剪应力扰动后,Dieterich模型的结果和模拟计算结果是一致的,最大相差量不超过Dieterich模型结果的7%,可接近0.对于负向静态剪应力扰动,当其绝对值较小时,Dieterich模型的结果很接近模拟计算结果,相差量不超过该结果的14%.但对于绝对值较大的情况,模拟计算结果远大于Dieterich模型的结果,最大可达Dieterich模型结果的35倍,这是由于负向静态剪应力扰动后使得Ω=δ·θ/dc1的条件不再成立,进而使得Dieterich模型不再成立.总的来说,与模拟计算相比Dieterich模型可以很好地描述1-D断层受扰后失稳时间提前和推后量的变化情况,并且可以体现出正、负静态剪切应力扰动后失稳时间提前量和推后量变化的差异性,而Coulomb模型则不能完整地给出受到静态剪应力扰动后断层失稳时间提前或推后的估计值.     

Tectonic geomorphology of the Kemalpaşa Basin and surrounding horsts,southwestern part of the Gediz Graben,Western Anatolia

The Kemalpa?a Basin is one of the Quaternary basins in Western Anatolia and represents the south-western branch of the Gediz Graben system in this extensional province. This basin has been formed under the NNE–SSW trending extensional tectonic regime. It is bounded by a major fault, the Kemalpa?a Fault, in the south and it is bounded by a number of downstepping faults, called as Spilda?? Fault Zone, in the north. Both margin-bounding faults of the Kemalpa?a Basin are oblique-slip normal faults. In order to better understand the activities of these faults, we investigated the tectonic geomorphology of the Kemalpa?a Basin and interpreted the effect of tectonic activity on the geomorphological evolution using geomorphic markers such as drainage basin patterns, facet geometries and morphometric indices such as hypsometric curves and integral (HI), basin shape index (B_s), valley floor width-to-height ratio (V_f) and mountain front sinuosity (S_mf). The morphometric analysis of 30 drainage basins in total and mountain fronts bounding the basin from both sides suggests a relatively high degree of tectonic activity. The mountain front sinuosity (S_mf) generally varies from 1.1 to 1.3 in both sides of the basin suggesting the active fronts and facet slopes (12°–32°) suggest a relatively high degree of activity along the both sides of the Kemalpa?a Basin. Similarly, the valley floor width-to-height ratios (V_f) obtained from the both sides indicate low values varying from 0.043 to 0.92, which are typical values (<1) for tectonically active mountain fronts. The all values obtained are lower for the southern side. Therefore, we suggest that the tectonic activity of the Kemalpa?a Fault higher than the Spilda?? Fault Zone. This difference that can be arised from the different uplift rates also reveals the typical asymmetric characteristics of the Kemalpa?a Basin. Additionally, the trapezoidal facets which have been observed on the southern side of the basin indicate that the Kemalpa?a Fault is evolutionally more active as compared to the Spilda?? Fault Zone. The geomorphic indices indicate that the Quaternary landscape evolution of the Kemalpa?a Basin was governed by tectonic and erosional processes, and also the all results of morphometric analysis suggest a relatively high degree of tectonic activity along the faults bounding the Kemalpa?a Basin. Moreover, considering that active large normal faults with an average 15 km long can cause major earthquake, the earthquake hazard in the Kemalpa?a Basin should be investigated in detailed paleoseismological studies.     

采动及渗流作用下隔水土层破坏规律研究

为了研究土层隔水层在采动及渗流作用下的破坏规律,采用了固-液耦合相似材料模拟试验研究和土层破坏理论分析。试验表明,在采用的长壁间隔式开采中,浅埋煤层中的组合关键层破断后进入裂隙带,隔水土层协调运动进入弯曲下沉带。该开采方法改变了岩层的运动破坏规律,抑制了采动裂隙在隔水土层中的发展,避免了导水裂隙与含水层贯通,达到了保护土层的采动隔水性目的。土层变形、破坏理论分析表明,组合关键层的破断距亦即对应土层的跨距,在弯曲下沉过程中没达到变形破坏极限跨距,不会产生导水裂隙,满足保持隔水性能的判据。现场开采实践证明,试验工作面开采后未出现潜水渗漏。该方法并已成功实现多个工作面的保水开采。     

基于试桩试验的桩侧注浆抗拔桩承载变形特性的荷载传递法

依托上海虹桥综合交通枢纽工程开展了4组桩侧注浆抗拔桩的现场试桩试验,得到了各试桩各土层的桩侧摩阻力与桩土相对位移关系曲线（?-w曲线）。首先,对前述现场试桩试验得到的?-w曲线以及文献[1]中通过桩土接触面大型直剪试验得到的?-w曲线进行归一化处理,归一化参数为各土层极限侧摩阻力?ult及其相应的临界桩土相对位移wult;然后采用双曲线函数拟合归一化后的各土层?/?ult-w/wult曲线,得到一个统一的?/?ult-w/wult函数关系式;最后,将该双曲线函数应用到荷载传递法中,用于分析预测桩侧注浆抗拔桩的承载变形特性,可求得桩侧注浆抗拔桩桩身各处的荷载-位移曲线、桩身轴力分布曲线以及桩侧摩阻力分布曲线。通过工程案例的验证表明,其计算结果与工程案例实测值较接近,在上海地区具有一定的适用性。     

Measuring reproductive condition in the Greenshell™ mussel Perna canaliculus

The annual reproductive cycle of Perna canaliculus (Gmelin) was investigated for 1 year by collecting monthly gonad samples from an intertidal population. Gonads of 50 animals were dissected and photographically recorded on video before being fixed for histological sectioning. The histological gonad sections were examined both qualitatively, using a classification and scoring system (S) and quantitatively, using image analysis technology. The quantitative measures used were the proportion of: (1) sections comprising follicles (FC); (2) sections comprising gametes (GC); and (3) the proportion of follicles comprising gametes (G/F). Significant consecutive monthly changes in the qualitative and quantitative measures indicated major spawning events. Gametogenesis occurred during winter with a spawning in August‐September. Gonad condition remained low during the spring and early summer until a development period between January and March. A second major spawning event occurred between March and April. There was a high degree of synchrony in reproductive status observed between the sexes. When comparing the four measurement methods using the f statistic as an index of power the GC measure was found to be the most reliable. A gonad visual grading system was developed for rapid assessment of gonad reproductive status and tested. Visual grades of pre‐recorded gonad samples were compared to the histological measures. Increasing visual grade correlated strongly with increases in all of the histological measurements.

The visual grading was a good predictor of the spawning activity of female P. canaliculus.     

一种探测和修复周跳的新组合方法

针对GPS双频接收机定位的特点,结合目前较成熟的探测和修复周跳方法的优点,提出了一种探测和修复周跳的新方法,即基于电离层残差法和相位减伪距法的优点,将两种方法进行合理的组合。该方法根据接收到的载波相位,联合利用电离层残差法和相位减伪距法进行周跳的探测与修复。从理论上说明了该方法的可行性,实例分析表明:该组合方法原理简单,计算速度快,实用性强。     

附有建模误差的曲线不确定性及其可视化

为描述复杂的现实世界对象,在GIS中将地理对象抽象和简化,建模误差必然存在,并且成为不确定性内容中的重要组成部分。本文将建模误差纳入到不确定性模型中,以三维B样条曲线为例,采用误差传播律来评估参数曲线的线位不确定性,充分体现现实世界对象的复杂性和数字表达的抽象简化的差距,进一步完善了不确定性理论。     

无人飞机航摄系统在土地执法监察中的应用

介绍了无人飞机航摄系统在土地执法监察工作中的具体应用,阐述了土地执法监察的工作流程、技术路线以及数字正射影像制作、土地利用变化监测图斑数据提取、土地利用动态遥感监测图制作的关键技术。     

A New Approach for Classifying Two Types of El Nino Events

In recent decades, the typical El Nio events with the warmest SSTs in the tropical eastern Pacific have become less common, and a different of El Nio with the warmest SSTs in the central Pacific, which is flanked on the east and west by cooler SSTs, has become more fre-quent. The more recent type of El Nio was referred to as central Pacific El Nio, warm pool El Nio, or dateline El Nio, or the El Nio Modoki. Central Pacific El Nio links to a different tropical-to-extratropical teleconnection and exerts different impacts on climate, and several classification approaches have been proposed. In this study, a new classification approach is proposed, which is based on the linear combination (sum or difference) of the two leading Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of tropical Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), and the typical El Ni o index (TENI) and the central El Nio index (CENI) are able to be derived by projecting the observed SSTA onto these combinations. This classification not only reflects the characteristics of non-orthogonality between the two types of events but also yields one period peaking at approximate two to seven years. In particular, this classification can distin-guish the different impacts of the two types of events on rainfall in the following summer in East China. The typical El Nio events tend to induce intensified rainfall in the Yangtze River valley, whereas the central Pacific El Nio tends to induce intensified rainfall in the Huaihe River valley. Thus, the present approach may be appropriate for studying the impact of different types of El Nio on the East Asian climate.