信息高速公路与地理信息系统——试论地理学的信息革命

综合介绍了信息高速公路及国家空间信息基础设施的基本情况、地理科学的信息化和地理信息系统的发展趋势和特点，并说明了信息高速公路对地理科学信息化及地球科学研究及应用的影响。     

地理信息系统（GIS）在地下水领域中的应用及最新进展

ＧＩＳ是信息时代的产物，在地下水资源领域的研究日益广泛和深入。笔者着重阐述了ＧＩＳ在地下水领域的应用及最新发展，同时对ＧＩＳ在地下水应用中的优点和局限性提出了自己的观点。     

高岭石—莫来石反应系列：^27Al和^29SiMAS NMR研究

根据艰我国八个不同成因和特征的高岭土样品在４５０－１４５０℃热处理产物的ＭＡＳ ＮＭＲ谱和ＸＲＤ，ＩＲ，ＤＴＡ等研究结果，结合有关资料讨论了高岭石－莫来石反应序列的几个重要问题：１．高岭石的结构，尤其是五配位铝；２．９８０℃放热峰后的高温相是γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３而不是Ａｌ－Ｓｉ尖晶石；３．对于莫来石化过程，认为初始莫来石８５０－９５０℃变高岭石形成，二次莫来石由分凝的ＳｉＯ２和γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３在１２００－     

陕甘宁盆地中部气田马五1段储层识别模型

本文应用多项式自组织方法，以１０个特征参数建立了中部气田马五１段储层气、水、干层判识的非线性网络模型，９２个已知样本的吻合率达９８．９％，为储层识别探索了又一新的方法，可供矿场参考     

工程地质力学综合集成理论及其在五强溪水电站船闸边坡上的应用

为了使工程地质学在工程建设和防灾减灾方面发挥更大的作用，作者主张在工程地质力学和系统科学指导下发展工程地质力学综合集成（EGMS）。本文主要论述了EGMS形成的基础、相应的方法和技术以及综合集成中的4个关键问题（包括应变体系、优先监测和加固突破口的设计方法，综合地质信息分析系统、时空综合分析方法等）。另外，还扼要地讨论了如何将EGMS用于五强溪水电站船闸边坡的问题。     

The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia

The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L⁻¹ since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.     

The effects of the spinel—garnet phase transition on the formation of rifted sedimentary basins

We have examined the effects of the spinel-garnet phase transition on subsidence of extensional sedimentary basins. For a constant positive Clapeyron slope ( dP/dT ), the phase boundary moves downwards in the syn-rift and upwards in the post-rift phase. For a non-linear Clapeyron curve ( dP/dT > 0 above 900°C and dP/dT < 0 below 900°C), theory predicts for the reaction of the spinel-garnet phase transition, the direction of phase boundary movement is dependent on the stretching factor, the position of the Clapeyron curve and the lithospheric thickness. A smaller syn-rift and larger post-rift subsidence are predicted for a deeper phase boundary and a thicker lithosphere. The model with a non-linear Clapeyron curve is applied to the subsidence histories of a young extensional basin (Gulf of Lion) and an old continental margin (eastern Canada). The observed syn-rift uplift and the larger post-rift subsidence can be reasonably explained by this model, where the optimum depth of the phase boundary for eastern Canada (˜90 km) is consistent with the estimate from seismic observations and is larger than that for the Gulf of Lion (˜ 50 km). The depth of the spinel-garnet phase boundary is sensitive to the composition of mantle rocks and increases with the extraction of basaltic components from the lithosphere, compatible with our result that the phase boundary is deeper for an older and thicker lithosphere. Thus the surface movement associated with the rifting for these areas may reflect the chemical evolution of the continental lithosphere.     

Shear-wave anisotropy: spatial and temporal variations in time delays at Parkfield, Central California

Shear-wave splitting is analysed on data recorded by the High Resolution Seismic Network (HRSN) at Parkfield on the San Andreas fault, Central California, during the three-year period 1988-1990. Shear-wave polarizations either side of the fault are generally aligned in directions consistent with the regional horizontal maximum compressive stress, at some 70° to the fault strike, whereas at station MM in the immediate fault zone, shear-wave polarizations are aligned approximately parallel to the fault. Normalized time delays at this station are found to be about twice as large as those in the rock mass either side. This suggests that fluid-filled cracks and fractures within the fault zone are elastically or seismically different from those in the surrounding rocks, and that the alignment of fault-parallel shear-wave polarizations are associated with some fault-specific phenomenon.
Temporal variations in time delays between the two split shear-waves before and after a M_L = 4 earthquake can be identified at two stations with sufficient data: MM within the fault zone and VC outside the immediate fault zone. Time delays between faster and slower split shear waves increase before the M_L = 4 earthquake and decrease near the time of the event. The temporal variations are statistically significant at 68 per cent confidence levels. Earthquake doublets and multiplets also show similar temporal variations, consistent with those predicted by anisotropic poroelasticity theory for stress modifications to the microcrack geometry pervading the rock mass. This study is broadly consistent with the behaviour observed before three other earthquakes, suggesting that the build-up of stress before earthquakes may be monitored and interpreted by the analysis of shear-wave splitting.     

Periodicity of magnetic intensities in magnetic anomaly profiles: the Cenozoic of the South Atlantic

Spectral analyses of several published magnetic anomaly profiles from Candé & Kent (1992a) were undertaken prior to analysing, in the same way, raw magnetic anomaly data from similar parts of the South Atlantic. It was found that similar and distinct medium and short wavelengths were present in both the published and raw data. When these are converted into the time domain using the average rate of spreading for each profile, these periodicities appear similar, possibly identical, to those expected from the long-term eccentricity orbital parameters (Fischer, DeBoer & Premoli Silva 1990). While such correlations are not necessarily causative, they suggest that magnetohydro-dynamical processes near the core-mantle boundary may be affected by gravitational changes due to planetary orbital perturbations.