培训视野中的高校青年教师成长服务研究

青年教师是我国高等教育事业发展的生力军。目前我国高校青年教师的培养存在"近亲繁殖"、重教学轻德育、重眼前轻长远等突出问题,这对于青年教师的成长极为不利。解决这一突出问题,需要通过师德建设、学术生涯规划、立体培训、国际交流等方式,进而提高为青年教师成长服务的工作质量,提升高校办学质量和服务社会的水平。     

Surface and subsurface water contributions to streamflow from a mesoscale watershed in complex mountain terrain

An understanding of surface and subsurface water contributions to streamflow is essential for accurate predictions of water supply from mountain watersheds that often serve as water towers for downstream communities. As such, this study used the end‐member mixing analysis technique to investigate source water contributions and hydrologic flow paths of the 264 km² Boulder Creek Watershed, which drains the Colorado Front Range, USA. Four conservative hydrochemical tracers were used to describe this watershed as a 3 end‐member system, and tracer concentration reconstruction suggested that the application of end‐member mixing analysis was robust. On average from 2009 to 2011, snowmelt and rainwater from the subalpine zone and groundwater sampled from the upper montane zone contributed 54%, 22%, and 24% of the annual streamflow, respectively. These values demonstrate increased rainwater and decreased snow water contributions to streamflow relative to area‐weighted mean values derived from previous work at the headwater scale. Young water (2.3 ± 0.8 months) fractions of streamflow decreased from 18–22% in the alpine catchment to 8–10% in the lower elevation catchments and the watershed outlet with implications for subsurface storage and hydrological connectivity. These results contribute to a process‐based understanding of the seasonal source water composition of a mesoscale watershed that can be used to extrapolate headwater streamflow generation predictions to larger spatial scales.     

Seasonal snow cover decreases young water fractions in high Alpine catchments

Estimation of young water fractions (F_yw), defined as the fraction of water in a stream younger than approximately 2–3 months, provides key information for water resource management in catchments where runoff is dominated by snowmelt. Knowing the average dependence of summer flow on winter precipitation is an essential context for comparing regional drought severity and provides the hydrological template for downstream water users and ecosystems. However, F_yw estimation based on seasonal signals of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen has not yet explicitly addressed how to parsimoniously include the seasonal shift of water input from snow. Using experimental data from three high-elevation, Alpine catchments (one dominated by glacier and two by snow), we propose a framework to explicitly include the delays induced by snow storage into estimates of F_yw. Scrutinizing the key methodological choices when estimating F_yw from isotope data, we find that the methods used to construct precipitation input signals from sparse isotope samples can significantly impact F_yw. Given this sensitivity, our revised procedure estimates a distribution of F_yw values that incorporates a wide range of possible methodological choices and their uncertainties; it furthermore compares the commonly used amplitude ratio approach to a direct convolution approach, which circumvents the assumption that the isotopic signals have a sine curve shape, an assumption that is generally violated in snow-dominated environments. Our new estimates confirm that high-elevation Alpine catchments have low F_yw values, spanning from 8 to 11%. Such low values have previously been interpreted as the impact of seasonal snow storage alone, but our comparison of different F_yw estimation methods suggests that these low F_yw values result from a combination of both snow cover effects and longer storage in the subsurface. In contrast, in the highest elevation, glacier dominated catchment, F_yw is 3–4 times greater compared to the other two catchments, due to the lower storage and faster drainage processes. A future challenge, capturing spatio-temporal snowmelt isotope signals during winter baseflow and the snowmelt period, remains to improve constraints on the F_yw estimation technique.     

Nitrate removal and young stream water fractions at the catchment scale

Despite extensive research on nitrate export and removal, nutrient contamination remains a major threat to water bodies worldwide. At the local scale, nitrate removal is governed by biogeochemical conditions that vary in space and time, making integration to entire landscapes critical. Water transit times have often been used to describe solute transport, but the relation between water age and nitrate removal at the catchment scale is still poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that nitrate removal peaks when the fraction of young water in discharge is at its minimum, because nitrate removal occurs mostly under dry conditions where deeper, older groundwater dominates streamflow. We tested this hypothesis by exploring a detailed water quality record from the Kervidy–Naizin catchment (FR) and comparing the dynamics of nitrate to those of a conservative solute (chloride). We find that estimates of nitrate removal are consistent with previous estimates at the site and they show a good (inverse) correlation with the fraction of streamflow that is younger than 2.5 months. However, this young water fraction cannot be used to predict nitrate removal in the winter–spring period, when no removal is observed regardless of streamflow age. While this leads us to reject our hypothesis during the winter period, it also suggests that water age distributions and their correlation with nitrate removal can possibly reveal distinct sources of stream water at different hydrologic regimes and relevant biogeochemical reactions.     

6-9年生杉木幼林凋落物及其养分特征

根据定位观测的数据,探讨了2代杉木人工林幼林造林后6—9年凋落物数量及其养分特征,结果表明,在4a中,杉木幼林向林地输入凋落物共为1408．67kg·hm^-2,年均凋落量352．17k·hm^-2,6～9年的各年凋落量占总凋落量的比例为：19．84％、21．93％、28．51％、30．99％;在年凋落量中枝叶占多数,6～9年枝叶凋落总量分别为：233．43kg·hm^-2、264．80kg·hm^-2、334．09kg·hm^-2、354．11kg．hm^-2,年总凋落量、年枝叶凋落量均随着年份的增加而增加．在2002年、2003年和2004年夏季和秋季杉木幼林内凋落物的总量较多,冬季和春季较少,而2005年春季凋落总量最多,冬季最少．在凋落物各组分养分归还量中,杉木叶和其他叶N、P、K和C归还量较多,且年变化较大,杉木枝、其他枝、虫粪和碎屑N、P、K和C归还量较少,年变化亦较小．     

褐毛鲿人工繁育技术研究

褐毛鲿（Megalonibea fusca）属石首鱼科（Sciaenidea）,毛鲿鱼属（Megalonibea）,是朱元鼎等（1963）命名的新种.其为近海暖温性底层大型鱼类,具有重要的经济价值.1998年福建省水产研究所开展褐毛鲿人工繁殖和育苗在国内首获成功,二批共培育出幼鱼6.667×105尾,其中第一批平均全长为32.55 mm和37.55 mm的幼鱼共8.680×104尾,第二批全长为24.0～35.0 mm的幼鱼共5.799×105尾.对1998年褐毛鲿室内人工催产、仔稚幼鱼的培育技术、仔稚幼鱼的食性和生长发育、生态习性,以及早期发育稚鱼阶段的适盐生存下限进行了分析.褐毛鲿适宜的产卵水温为23.0～26.0℃,盐度为29～32.催产激素以DOM剂量为3.5 mg/kg和LHRH-A3剂量为4.5μg/kg混合使用效果最好.仔、稚、幼鱼培育饵料依次为牡蛎幼虫、轮虫、卤虫、桡足类,在水温为24.5～29.5℃,盐度为18～28条件下培育,25d龄鱼苗全长为19.0～26.0 mm,80%完成变态进入幼鱼期,育苗成活率达25.3%.褐毛鲿稚幼鱼适盐范围为4～38,属于广盐性种类,可在海水和咸淡水中养殖.     

Poverty, migration and sex work: youth transitions in Ethiopia

Despite an emerging body of work on youth transitions, research has yet to explore the often unconventional routes to adulthood for young people marginalised through poverty. By drawing on interviews with 60 young commercial sex workers in Ethiopia, this paper explores the connections between poverty, migration and sex work and demonstrates that sex work provides a risky alternative, but often successful, path to independence for some rural–urban migrants. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for policies that seek to support young sex workers by enabling them to maintain their independence while seeking different employment.     

Dynamo model with a small number of modes and magnetic activity of T Tauri stars

We suggest a model based on the representation of the stellar magnetic field as a superposition of a finite number of poloidal and toroidal free decay modes to describe the dynamo action in fully convective stars. For the adopted law of stellar differential rotation, we determined the dynamo number in exceeding which the generation of a cyclically varying magnetic field is possible in stars without a radiative core and derived an expression for the period of the cycle. The dynamo cycles in fully convective stars and in stars with thin convective envelopes are shown to differ qualitatively: first, the distributions of spots in latitude during the cycle are different for these two types of stars and, second, the model predicts a great weakening of the spot formation in fully convective stars at certain phases of the cycle. To compare the theory with observations, we have analyzed the historical light curve for the weak-line T Tauri star V410 Tau and found that its long-term activity is not a well-defined cycle with a definite period—its activity is more likely quasi-cyclic with a characteristic time of ～4 yr and with a chaotic component superimposed. we have also concluded that a redistribution of spots in longitude is responsible for the secular brightness variations in the star. This does not allow the results of photometric observations to be directly compared with predictions of ourmodel, in which, for simplicity, we assumed a symmetry in longitude and investigated the temporal evolution of the spot distribution in latitude. Therefore, we discuss the questions of what and how observations can be compared with predictions of the dynamo theory.     

From the editors

正Dear Members of Editorial Board.Contributors and Friends of the journal of EEHV,This special issue on the"State-of-the-art and Future Challenges of Earthquake Engineering"is dedicated to today's young earthquake engineering researchers by describing certain insight of research opportunities in earthquake engineering.We express our sincere appreciation to the following individuals:Professor Gian Michele CALVI,Professor Kuo-Chun     

Geochemical significance of lipids and lipid-derived substructures interlaced in kerogen

Young kerogens isolated from seven freshwater lakes, six river mouths and four marine surface sediments were subjected to pyrolysis in vacuo. Their pyrolysates were trapped and separated subsequently for determination of hydrocarbons, fatty acids and alcohols. The abundances, carbon number distributions of long (C₁₂) polymethylene chain lipid compounds and relative abundances of pristenes are proposed as possible indices applicable to discrimination between young kerogens from freshwater lacustrine and marine sediments. Some oil-shale kerogens of Eocene and Permian age were pyrolyzed in the same way, where the chain-length distributions of the pyrolysis products showed similar trends as those observed for the pyrolysis of young kerogens.