Dynamo model with a small number of modes and magnetic activity of T Tauri stars

We suggest a model based on the representation of the stellar magnetic field as a superposition of a finite number of poloidal and toroidal free decay modes to describe the dynamo action in fully convective stars. For the adopted law of stellar differential rotation, we determined the dynamo number in exceeding which the generation of a cyclically varying magnetic field is possible in stars without a radiative core and derived an expression for the period of the cycle. The dynamo cycles in fully convective stars and in stars with thin convective envelopes are shown to differ qualitatively: first, the distributions of spots in latitude during the cycle are different for these two types of stars and, second, the model predicts a great weakening of the spot formation in fully convective stars at certain phases of the cycle. To compare the theory with observations, we have analyzed the historical light curve for the weak-line T Tauri star V410 Tau and found that its long-term activity is not a well-defined cycle with a definite period—its activity is more likely quasi-cyclic with a characteristic time of ～4 yr and with a chaotic component superimposed. we have also concluded that a redistribution of spots in longitude is responsible for the secular brightness variations in the star. This does not allow the results of photometric observations to be directly compared with predictions of ourmodel, in which, for simplicity, we assumed a symmetry in longitude and investigated the temporal evolution of the spot distribution in latitude. Therefore, we discuss the questions of what and how observations can be compared with predictions of the dynamo theory.     

From the editors

正Dear Members of Editorial Board.Contributors and Friends of the journal of EEHV,This special issue on the"State-of-the-art and Future Challenges of Earthquake Engineering"is dedicated to today's young earthquake engineering researchers by describing certain insight of research opportunities in earthquake engineering.We express our sincere appreciation to the following individuals:Professor Gian Michele CALVI,Professor Kuo-Chun     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

Geochemical significance of lipids and lipid-derived substructures interlaced in kerogen

Young kerogens isolated from seven freshwater lakes, six river mouths and four marine surface sediments were subjected to pyrolysis in vacuo. Their pyrolysates were trapped and separated subsequently for determination of hydrocarbons, fatty acids and alcohols. The abundances, carbon number distributions of long (C₁₂) polymethylene chain lipid compounds and relative abundances of pristenes are proposed as possible indices applicable to discrimination between young kerogens from freshwater lacustrine and marine sediments. Some oil-shale kerogens of Eocene and Permian age were pyrolyzed in the same way, where the chain-length distributions of the pyrolysis products showed similar trends as those observed for the pyrolysis of young kerogens.     

中国青年国际义工旅行者的旅游动机及其影响因素

以参加过国际义工旅行的26名中国青年旅行者为研究对象,基于半结构访谈所获取的数据,对青年国际义工旅行者旅游动机特征及其影响因素进行质性分析。在已有文献和调研资料的基础上,根据动机性质和联系将义工旅行的出行动机划分为利他动机和自我动机。其中,利他动机指义工旅行者对目的地援助的期望;自我动机指义工旅行者以自我兴趣和需求为中心。研究发现：1）国际义工旅行者的旅游动机呈现出自我需求主导的特征;2）不同动机主导下的国际义工旅行者都存有利他和自我的双重影响因素。影响义工旅行者动机的因素包括：平台宣传建构的目的地旅游形象、项目内容、个人能力和家庭影响等;3）国际义工旅行是一种责任旅游,不仅包含对目的地的责任同样也是对个人的责任。     

UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体生长和生理的影响

探讨UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体的影响,运用实验生态学的方法,研究了高(93.6 J·m-2·d-1)、中(46.8 J·m-2·d-1 )、低(11.7 J·m-2·d-1)3个剂量的UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体生长和生理状况的影响.辐射处理期间(第2～10天),3个辐射剂量处理组的海带幼孢子体体长和体重的相对增长率显著低于对照组(0 J·m-2·d-1);第6～10天期间,低剂量处理组和高剂量处理组的叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量与对照组相比呈现出完全相反的变化趋势,前者显著高于对照组,后者显著低于对照组;中、高剂量处理组的ATP酶活性在整个实验期间均显著低于对照组,而低剂量组与对照组无显著差异.氮(N)、磷(P)元素缺乏与中剂量UV-B联合作用条件下的海带幼孢子体体长、体重相对增长率与中剂量单独处理组无显著差异;辐射处理初期(第2～4天),N、P缺乏与中剂量UV-B辐射共同处理组的ATP酶活性明显高于单独辐射处理组,后期(第10天)则显著低于单独辐射处理组;N、P元素缺乏加剧了中剂量UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体Chl-a含量的影响效应,N、P缺乏与中剂量UV-B辐射共同处理组的Chl-a含量显著低于中剂量UV-B辐射处理组.在高剂量UV-B辐射处理的同时,附加一定强度的光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR,400～700 nm)能在一定程度上减轻UV-B辐射对海带幼孢子体生长和生理状况的影响程度.     

关于高校学报青年编辑培养的几点思考

为了紧跟时代步伐,成为与时俱进,新世纪优秀的出版人,从职业素质的培养、出版业务知识的培养、专业知识的培养及综合知识的培养、人际关系的培养5个方面对高校学报青年编辑的培养进行了探讨。     

Learning about distant places through the Internet: Young students as global citizens?

The article explores how the use of the Internet in school settings influences the way young people develop as citizens in an interconnected world and the possible implications for teaching geography subject at school. First, this topic is approached theoretically through a discussion of new forms of citizenship. The issue is investigated by using interview data and observations on the use of the Internet by upper secondary school students in Norway when searching for information about distant places. During the interviews, knowledge about tropical rainforests was used as a practical example. The main finding is that although the students could access information about a large part of the world from their laptop, a distance remained between the students and the rainforests and those who live in them. The article also reveals that, although it is often argued that the national context is weakened as a frame for civic engagement, the students referred to it as a basic frame when engaging with what is distant. Thus, it may be questioned how the use of the Internet in schools contributes to the development of students as global citizens.     

Disk wind in young binaries with low-mass secondary components: Optical observational manifestations

We consider a model of a young binary with a low-mass secondary component. Mass accretion from the remnants of the protostellar cloud onto the binary components is assumed to take place in accordance with current models; i.e., it proceeds mainly onto the low-mass component. The accretion is accompanied by mass outflow (disk wind), whose low-velocity component can be partially captured by the primary component. As a result, an asymmetric common envelope is formed. Its densest part is involved in the orbital motion of the secondary and can periodically shield the primary component of the binary from the observer. Assuming a standard dust-to-gas ratio for the disk wind (1: 100), we calculated the possible photometric effects from such eclipses and showed that they could be observed even at moderate accretion rates onto the low-mass binary component, ∼10⁻⁸–10⁻⁹ M _⊙ per year. In this case, the parameters of the minima depend on the model of the disk wind, on the ratio of its characteristic velocity to the orbital velocity of the secondary, and on its orbital inclination to the line of sight. These results can form the basis for interpreting a wide range of phenomena observed in young stars, such as the activity cycles in UX Ori stars, the unusually broad minima in some young eclipsing systems, etc., and for searching for substellar objects and massive protoplanets. In addition, the peripheral parts of the gas and dust disk around a young binary can fall within the shadow zone produced by the opaque part of the common envelope. In such cases, a shadow from the common envelope must be observed on the disk; this shadow must move over the disk following the orbital motion of the low-mass component. Detection and investigation of such structures in the images of protoplanetary disks may become a method of searching for protoplanets and studying binaries at early stages of their evolution.