Spatial discretization of large watersheds and its influence on the estimation of hillslope sediment yield

The combined use of water erosion models and geographic information systems has facilitated soil loss estimation at the watershed scale. Tools such as the Geo‐spatial interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) model provide a convenient spatially distributed soil loss estimate but require discretization to identify hillslopes and channels. In GeoWEPP, the TOpographic PArameteriZation (TOPAZ) model is used as an automated procedure to extract a watershed boundary, hillslopes and channels from a digital elevation model (DEM). Previous studies in small watersheds have shown that the size of the hillslopes and the channel distribution affect the model estimates, but in large watersheds, the effects on the soil loss estimates have yet to be tested. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of discretization on the hillslope sediment yield estimates using GeoWEPP in two large watersheds (>10 km²). The watersheds were selected and discretized varying the TOPAZ parameters [critical source area (CSA) and minimum source channel length (MSCL)] in a 30‐m resolution digital elevation model. The drainage networks built with TOPAZ were compared with each other using the drainage density index. The results showed that the discretization affected hillslope sediment yield estimates and their spatial distribution more than the total runoff. The drainage density index and the hillslope sediment yield were proportional but inversely related; thus, soil loss estimates were highly affected by the spatial discretization. As a result of this analysis, a method to choose the CSA and MSCL values that generates the greatest fraction of hillslopes having profile lengths less than 200 m was developed. This slope length condition is particularly crucial when using the WEPP and GeoWEPP models, in order for them to produce realistic estimates of sheet and rill erosion. Finally, and as a result of this analysis, a more reliable method was developed for selecting the TOPAZ channel network parameters (CSA and MSCL). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雷州半岛甘蔗的营养状况

通过对雷州半岛蔗区甘蔗营养状况的普查 ,利用数理统计方法 ,分析了养分间、养分与经济性状间的相关关系。结果表明 :增N、提高土壤pH值可显著提高茎长 ,茎长的提高可促进单茎重、工业蔗产量、含糖量极显著提高。增K、Mg可显著提高有效茎 ,有效茎的提高可促进工业蔗产量显著提高 ,却导致锤度显著下降。偏施Mg会导致锤度极显著下降。因而采取的措施为增N、K ,合理配施镁含量低的石灰和P肥 ,以促进茎长、单茎重、有效茎的提高 ,从而提高产量 ;控施Mg肥 ,达到提高糖分含量的目的     

长江三峡香溪—莲沱段水土流失的研究

长江三峡香溪—莲沱段的水土流失可分为水蚀与重力侵蚀两类。据诸多自然地理因素的定量指标与产沙模数的关系,建立了产沙模数的经验公式[即式(1)],用式(1)计算出区内产沙量。据历史记载资料与地质地貌调查,探讨了区内新滩与链子崖的巨型崩塌-滑坡的成因与发展。在此基础上,研究了区内水土流失对自然环境及三峡工程的影响。     

Study on model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield

Through analysis of perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) from combination of visible and near-infrared spectrums reflecting the feature of crop reflectance, we come to the conclusion that the index can better indicate crop instantaneous photosynthesis whereas people generally regard it as the representation of crop leaf area index (LAI). Exploration of crop photosynthesis within a day and its period of duration leads to production of photosynthetic vegetation index (PST) that can reflect the whole crop accumulated photosynthesis, which means the total biomass produced by crop, moreover the method simulating PST is put forward by employment of multi-temporal spectrum parameters. On the basis of the achievements mentioned above, a new comprehensive model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield is established, which can comprehensively show major physiological actions of maize and the course of its yield formation, organically integrate various effective ways of crop yield estimation. It lays a solid foundation for carrying out remote sensing estimation of maize yield on a large scale.     

水稻单产遥感估测建模研究

本文系统扼要地总结了统计、气象、农学和光谱等估产模型,以及水稻遥感估产农学机理等主要研究结果,并在建立的多种估产模型中,重点介绍了具有应用前景的光谱估产与水稻生长模拟估产的复合模型。     

中国粮食总产量结构分析与丰歉评估

对中国粮食总产量的结构分析表明：①粮食作物平均单产的变化在粮食总产量的变化中约占２／３以上,起着决定性的作用;②５０年代以来,小麦,玉米产量在粮食总产量中的份额呈增加之势,而水稻所占份额相对稳定,大豆等其它作用的份额则有下降趋势;③就主要粮食作物单产而言、一季稻的产量为最高,小麦产量的增长为最快。通过分析中国粮食作物平均单产的丰歉与气象条件的关系发现;西北和东北地区的降水量,华北地区的积温与产量丰     

充分发挥气候资源优势大力发展垦荒撩壕植蔗

从信丰县的气候资源出发,结合当地甘蔗生产实际情况,分析了垦荒撩壕植蔗的气候优势,介绍了垦荒撩壕植蔗的前困后果及其栽培方法,为甘蔗化质高产提出了一些措施和建议。     

油茶产量与气象条件的相关分析及其预报方法

根据油茶发育生长规律,用油茶花芽分化期、盛花期的气象资料与油茶产量进行分析,发现气温、湿度与油茶产量关系密切。由此利用气象因子建立了油茶丰、欠年景的预报方法。     

IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON GRAIN YIELD PER UNIT AREA IN CHINA DURING THE YEARS OF 1949～1992

Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｙｅａｒｏｆ１９４９,ｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｒａｉｎｉｎＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄａｇｒｅａｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｈｅｆｏｏｄｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆ１／５ｏｆｔｈｅｗ...     

开采条件下多时段水量均衡法的应用研究

根据大武水源地多年大强度持续超采呈现出来的岩溶水的补、迳、蓄、排特征和水位、水量长期监测资料,在传统水均衡法的基础上提出了开采条件下多时段水量均衡法,并将其应用于大武水源地的可采量计算中。最后,依据评价结果建立了不同开采条件下大武水源地可采量预测模型。