Effects of waterlogging,salinity and light on the productivity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Heritiera littoralis seedlings

This study aimed to establish the effects of waterlogging, salinity and light on the early development of mangroves. Seedlings of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. and Heritiera littoralis Dryand were exposed to 12 weeks of waterlogging, during which time growth and photosynthesis were measured every two weeks. The salinity of the water inundation ranged from fresh water to full-strength sea water (salinity 35). Seedlings were exposed to either full sunlight of 1 500 µmol photon m^–2 s^–1 (SD 397) at midday or shade conditions of 325 µmol photon m^–2 s^–1 (SD 40) of light at midday, to explore whether the plants would be differently affected by prolonged waterlogging in increased salinities and under different light conditions. Heritiera littoralis was more sensitive to waterlogging, salinity and light, displaying a least relative growth rate of 0.127 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.032) under shade, and 0.025 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.021) in full light; while under shade, photosynthesis continued only in fresh water, but photosynthetic yield decreased from 0.7 to 0.4 with increasing duration of waterlogging. By 12 weeks, all H. littoralis seedlings treated with any saltwater mixture had died. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings maintained a moderate rate of photosynthesis throughout inundation in both shade and full light, with yields of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. Furthermore, B. gymnorrhiza survived waterlogging in up to 66% seawater, and maintained comparable relative growth rates of 0.164 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.066) with 0.083 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.065) and 0.074 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.036) with 0.052 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.037) under shade and in full light between fresh water and the highest salinity conditions, respectively. These results suggest that B. gymnorrhiza is broadly tolerant, making it a potential candidate species for restoring vulnerable mangrove forests.     

Variation of specific yield with depth in an alluvial aquifer of the Platte River valley, USA

Estimation of specific yield (Sy) of an aquifer is of great importance in water resource management. In this study, an experimental drainage method was developed to determine specific yield of an alluvial aquifer of the Platte River valley, Nebraska, USA. Sets of sediment cores with continuous interval depth were collected to plastic tubes using the direct push technique and then taken to the laboratory. During the Sy experiment, those sediment cores were re-saturated by placing them vertically in a large water tank. Sy was determined by the water drained from the sediments by force of gravity in a bracket. Our results show that the values of Sy varied largely with depth at each site and the variability for Sy with interval depth between the test sites is also observed. This spatial heterogeneity in Sy might result from the variation of grain size, grain shape, sorting and compaction of sediments in different cores with interval depth. The Sy for all sediment cores ranged from 0.01 to 0.18 and the mean value was 0.08±0.04. Our drainage method can functionally preserve the sedimentary structures in their original state and it is easier to experiment at a lower expense.     

现有建筑抗震能力评估

本文提出了个一个用超强率求建筑物地震破坏概率的方法,并评估了现有建筑的抗震能力。为进一步分析地震灾害,文中给出了现有建筑中典型建筑的地震屈服加速度和对应于不同破坏状态的延性率中值,最后讨论了设防中的其他问题并提出了改进抗震设计的建议。     

天然沉积结构性土的次固结变形预测方法

结构性土存在着其特有的变形和强度特性,次固结特性也表现出明显区别于与重塑土。通过对连云港天然沉积原状土和重塑土进行一维压缩次固结试验,研究了典型结构性土的次固结特性。试验结果表明,土体由于受结构性影响,结构破坏前后其次固结特性发生明显变化;结构屈服前（固结压力小于固结屈服压力）不发生次固结变形或次固结变形甚微;当土体处于屈服状态时,土体次固结变形突然增大,次固结系数Cα出现峰值;结构屈服后（固结压力大于固结屈服压力）,Cα随固结压力的增大而减小,表现为与当前的应力水平和时间密切相关的特性,应力水平对Cα的影响会随着次固结时间的增长而削弱。基于以上机制,建立了考虑结构性影响的次固结变形计算模型,该模型中Cα不仅与压缩指数Cc有关,且也与时间有关,基于该模型计算得到的Cα值和次固结变形均与试验值吻合较好。     

川中丘陵区和三峡地区小流域侵蚀产沙的塘库沉积137Cs断代

选择川中丘陵区和三峡地区四川盐亭、南充和重庆开县的4个小流域,采集塘库沉积泥沙137Cs样品,确定了1963年以来塘库淤沙量,并据此分析了流域输沙模数和侵蚀模数。研究表明,开县春秋沟的淤沙模数最高,为1869t.km-2.a-1;盐亭武家沟和集流沟分别为701t.km-2.a-1和710 t.km-2.a-1;南充天马湾沟为566 t.km-2.a-1。对小流域地貌特征的分析和谷地水田取样结果表明,除塘库淤积区外,各小流域谷地内基本无泥沙淤积。因此,除南充天马湾沟按现有水面面积作为淤积面积求算的淤沙模数明显偏小外,其他小流域的塘库淤沙模数基本可以表征各研究小流域的侵蚀模数。对研究小流域侵蚀产沙影响因素的分析表明,除降雨和土地利用状况外,地形起伏、土壤抗蚀性及岩层产状也是三地侵蚀程度差异的重要原因。     

The impact of pro‐glacial lakes on downstream sediment delivery in Norway

Glacier recessions caused by climate change may uncover pro‐glacial lakes that form important sedimentation basins regulating the downstream sediment delivery. The impact of modern pro‐glacial lakes on fluvial sediment transport from three different Norwegian glaciers: Nigardsbreen, Engabreen and Tunsbergdalsbreen, and their long‐term development has been studied. All of these lakes developed in modern times in overdeepened bedrock basins. The recession of Nigardsbreen uncovered a 1.8 km long and on average 15 m deep pro‐glacial lake basin during 1937 to 1968. Since then the glacier front has been situated entirely on land, and the sediment input and output of the lake has been measured. The suspended sediment transport into and out of the lake averaged 11 730 t yr^?1 and 2340 t yr^?1 respectively. Thus, 20% remained in suspension at the outlet. The measured mean annual bedload supplied to the lake was 11 800 t yr^?1, giving a total transport of 23 530 t yr^?1 which corresponds to a specific sediment yield of 561 t km^?2 yr^?1. A 1.9 km long and up to 90 m deep pro‐glacial lake basin downstream from Engabreen glacier was uncovered during 1890 to 1944. The average suspended sediment load delivered from the glacier during the years 1970–1981 amounted to 12 375 t yr^?1and the transport out of the lake was 2021 t yr^?1, giving an average of 16% remaining in suspension. The mean annual bedload was 8000 t yr^?1, thus the total transport was 20 375 t yr^?1, giving a specific sediment yield of 566 t km^?2 yr^?1. For Tunsbergdalsbreen glacier, measurements in the early 1970s indicated that the suspended sediment transport was on average 44 000 t yr^?1. From 1987 to 1993 the recession of the glacier uncovered a small pro‐glacial lake, 0.3 km long and around 9 m deep. Downstream from this, the suspended sediment load measured in 2009 was 28 000 t yr^?1, indicating that as much as 64% remained in suspension. Flow velocity, grain size of sediment, and morphology of the lake are important factors controlling the sedimentation rate in the pro‐glacial lakes. A survey of the sub‐glacial morphology of Tunsbergdalsbreen revealed that there are several overdeepened basins beneath the glacier. The largest is 4 km long and 100 m deep. When the glacier melts back they will become lakes and act as sedimentation basins. Despite an expected increase in sediment yield from the glacier, little sediment will pass these lakes and downstream sediment delivery will be reduced markedly. Beneath Nigardsbreen there was only a small depression that may form a lake and the sediment delivery will not be significantly affected. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

基于动力BNWF法的冻土-桩相互作用模型研究

基于水平循环荷载作用下不同负温冻土环境中单桩动力特性模型试验结果,在已有分析桩-土-结构相互作用的动力BNWF模型的基础上,提出改进的冻土-桩基动力相互作用非线性反应分析模型。在该模型中,利用改进的双向无拉力多段屈服弹簧考虑桩侧冻土的水平非线性力学特性,同时兼顾桩侧与冻土间的竖向非线性摩擦效应、桩尖土的挤压与分离作用以及远场土体阻尼对桩基动力特性的影响。其中桩侧水平多段屈服弹簧参数根据冻土非线性p-y关系获得,该关系曲线以三次函数曲线段及常值函数段共同模拟,并由室内冻土压缩试验结果确定。最后基于改进的动力BNWF模型,提取动位移荷载作用下该桩顶力-位移滞回曲线及桩身不同埋深处的弯矩动响应数值分析结果,并与相应的模型试验结果对比,二者具有较好的拟合度,表明本文所提出的改进模型在分析冻土-桩动力相互作用时有较好的适用性。     

间作时期和种植密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统光能利用效率的影响

以单作为对照,通过大田试验研究了间作时期及种植密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统土地利用率及光能利用率的影响。结果表明:各间作处理的土地当量比(LER)都大于1,说明甜瓜/向日葵间作显著提高土地利用率。除甜瓜定果期间作外,其他间作处理的光能利用率都显著大于甜瓜单作;除甜瓜45 cm株距间作外,其余间作处理的光能利用率均显著小于单作向日葵。甜瓜/向日葵间作能明显提高间作系统的叶面积指数,种植密度对叶面积指数也有影响。调整间作期能延长单位面积的光合时间,增加干物质累积,提高光能利用率。叶日积与光能利用率之间呈二次抛物线关系,当作物群体密度增大时,叶日积和光合产物累积量都增大,但密度增长到峰值时,叶日积继续增大不能增加光合产物积累量。     

同化叶面积指数和蒸散发双变量的冬小麦产量估测方法

同化遥感信息到作物生长过程模拟模型,是估测区域作物产量的重要方法之一。同化变量的选取对同化结果精度至关重要。本文在标定WOFOST作物模型参数的基础上,优化了WOFOST模型的默认灌溉参数。利用ET和LAI作为同化变量,分别构建了时间序列趋势信息的代价函数和四维变分代价函数;采用SCE-UA算法最小化代价函数, 重新初始化WOFOST模型初始参数——作物初始干物质重、作物35 ℃生命期和灌溉量。最后利用MODIS LAI产品（MCD15A3）、MODIS ET产品（MOD16A2）,同化到作物模型估测产量,并对比分析了水分胁迫模式下同化单变量（ET或LAI）和同化双变量（ET和LAI）的估产精度。结果表明：同化双变量ET和LAI的策略,优于同化单变量LAI或ET,双变量策略的冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.432,RMSE=721 kg/hm²;单独同化高精度LAI对提高估产精度具有重要作用,其冬小麦产量估测精度为R²=0.408,RMSE=925 kg/hm²;单独同化ET的趋势信息改善了WOFOST模型模拟水分平衡的参数,但是,产量估测精度（R²=0.013,RMSE=1134 kg/hm²）与模型模拟估测产量精度（R²=0.006,RMSE=1210 kg/hm²）相比改善效果有限。本研究为其他区域的遥感数据与作物模型的双变量数据同化的作物产量估测研究提供了参考价值。     

基于热力学的临界状态模型的返回映射算法及实现

相对于其他临界状态模型,基于热力学的临界状态（TCS）模型不需要引入塑性势假设,能够自动满足热力学定律。通过对TCS的修正,使其能够模拟初始K0固结的影响,利用了返回映射算法进行了TCS模型的ABAQUS本构二次开发,通过与ABAQUS内嵌的修正剑桥模型（MCC）计算结果的对比,证实了该程序的可靠性。对模型中的2个控制屈服面形状的参数进行了讨论,分析了它们对应力-应变关系与剪胀关系的影响,修改TCS模型参数可以实现非椭圆的屈服面,进而拓展了模型的适用范围,不同的参数对于屈服面形状和大小的影响也有所不同。同时还比较了采用考虑K0固结及旋转硬化的TCS模型与不考虑K0固结及旋转硬化的MCC模型所得到的应力-应变关系与剪胀关系的差异。对于真实土体,K0固结及旋转硬化是土体的基本力学特性。最后证明了TCS模型较MCC模型（模型中没有考虑旋转硬化与K0固结对硬化规律的影响）可以很好地模拟该特性,所以更加有效。