Some rainfall-related thresholds for erosion and sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River basin

This study examines rainfall thresholds for erosion and sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River basin. Sediment reduction effects of soil conservation measures depend on the magnitudes of rainstorm. When the latter is less than a critical threshold, sediment reduction effects of soil conservation measures are positive; when this magnitude is exceeded, the effect is negative. An analysis based on data from the Jialingjiang River shows that the sediment reduction by soil conservation measures increased with annual precipitation to a peak, and then decreased to a negative value. The annual precipitation at the peak and zero values of sediment reduction are 970 and 1,180 mm, respectively, which can be regarded as two thresholds. Annual precipitation at the zero-value of sediment reduction has a return period of 25 years. In general, the design standard of soil conservation works in China is related with rainstorms with return periods of 10–20 years. When the magnitude of rainstorm exceeds this, the soil conservation works may be partly or totally destroyed by rainstorms, and the previously trapped sediment may be released, resulting in a sharp increase in sediment yield. It was also found in the lower Jinshajiang River that when annual precipitation exceeds 1,050 mm or high-flow season precipitation exceeds 850 mm, the annual sediment yield increased sharply. These can also be regarded as key rainfall thresholds for erosion and sediment yields. When precipitation is less than the two thresholds, dominant erosion types are sheet, rill and gully erosions. When precipitation crosses the two thresholds, debris flows may occur more frequently. As a result, the previously stored loose sediment is released and sediment yield increases sharply.     

The influence of shallow landslides on sediment supply: A flume-based investigation using sandy soil

The impact of rainfall-induced shallow landslides on hillslope sediment discharge is not well understood. This paper reports experimental measurements of sediment discharge after water-induced shallow landslides are triggered on sandy soil in a flume under simulated rainfall. The principal aim of the research was to investigate how varying soil depth affects the location and occurrence of shallow slope failures, as well as how it affects sediment yields downslope. Four experiments were conducted using the same sandy soil and a 30° and 10° compound slope configuration under average rainfall intensity of 50 mm h^− 1 for up to 390 min. Soil depths were set to 200, 300, 400 and 500 mm. Engineering and geotechnical properties of the soil were examined. Sediment discharge and runoff were collected from the flume outlet at 15 minute intervals. Changes in the soil slope profiles after landslides and soil physical properties resulted from soil armouring, under continuous rainfall were also recorded. Results showed that sediment yields at the flume outlet, before landslides occurred, were very low and limited to the finer soil particles as would be expected for a sandy soil. However subsequent variations in sediment discharge were strongly related to failure events and their proximity to the outlet. Sediment yield was also affected by the original soil depth; the greater the depth, the higher the sediment yields. Post-failure reductions in sediment discharge were observed and attributed to post-failure slope stabilization under continuing rainfall and extensive soil armouring near the flume outlet. The results provide a clear linkage between landslides and sediment discharge due to hydrological processes occurring in the hillslope. This knowledge is being used to develop a model to predict sediment discharges from hillslopes following shallow landslide events.     

高温冻结粉土力学特性试验研究

为了探讨高温冻结粉土的力学特性,进行了一系列常规三轴压缩和三轴压缩加卸载试验。结果表明：（1）随着围压的增大,应力应变曲线先表现为应变软化,后应变硬化,最后又应变软化。（2）体积应变曲线均表现为先体缩后体胀,且围压越大,体胀越弱。（3）通过引入改进的双曲线模型,能较好地模拟应变软化和硬化特性。在q-p平面内建立了一个新的强度准则,并利用修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,探讨了黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的变化规律。根据试验结果,确定了不同围压及不同加卸载循环次数下高温冻结粉土的回弹模量及其损伤变化规律。最后,建立了塑性体积变形和塑性剪切变形之间的关系式和表达式,进一步探讨了高温冻结粉土的剪胀特性。     

堆石料状态相关弹塑性本构模型

堆石料的强度变形特性与初始孔隙及应力状态等因素相关。建立了能够预测不同初始孔隙与初始围压影响的堆石料弹塑性本构模型。在剑桥类本构模型框架内,模型能够反映随着孔隙与围压的增大,变形特性由剪胀趋于剪缩的规律。模型采用了基于颗粒体材料细观结构变化的屈服函数和非关联流动准则,提出了能够反映堆石料正常固结线不唯一的硬化参数。为了反映状态相关性,假定堆石料存在唯一的临界状态面,探讨了考虑状态相关性需要满足的数学条件,从而对剪胀方程与硬化参数进行了修正。提出了基于粒子群优化算法的模型参数快速确定方法,将某筑坝堆石料不同初始孔隙比与围压条件下模型预测结果与三轴试验结果对比,验证了模型的合理性。     

陇东Q3结构性黄土压剪损伤本构模型试验研究

Q3黄土在我国西北地区分布广泛,且大部分都具有显著的结构性。随着国家“一带一路”倡议的不断向前推进,作为丝路沿线的西北黄土分布地区将迎来新的建设大潮。黄土的结构变形特性非常复杂,深入研究黄土在压缩、剪切条件下的结构损伤变形特性,并依此构建黄土的本构关系在理论研究及现场工程应用中具有非常重要的意义。通过对黄土进行均等压缩试验及三轴剪切试验,基于损伤力学思想,提出黄土结构在均等压缩条件下的平均正应力损伤比,在剪切条件下的平均正应力损伤比及偏应力损伤比。根据弹性、塑性应变确定塑性势线,进而确定其屈服函数;将确定的黄土结构损伤比引入到屈服函数中,得到一定结构损伤时黄土的屈服函数表达式;验证了选取塑性体应变作为本构模型硬化参量的合理性;根据硬化参量与相关试验参数的联系,推导出结构性黄土在压剪条件下的损伤本构模型。经过实测应力-应变曲线与本构模型推算得到的应力-应变曲线对比可知,所建立的本构模型可以较好地反映黄土在压剪条件下结构损伤演化变形过程,具有较好的工程应用前景。     

生物酶改良膨胀土的修正殷宗泽模型

以描述生物酶改良膨胀土的应力?应变关系为研究目的,提出基于生物酶掺量的修正殷宗泽模型。开展了一系列三轴排水剪切试验。对不同生物酶掺量下改良膨胀土的弹性形变演化规律进行了分析,同时研究了生物酶掺量与剪切压缩、剪切膨胀相关的屈服面形状的演化规律,以及与破坏线方程的演化规律。在此基础上分析了生物酶掺量对殷宗泽模型的参数影响规律。引入生物酶掺量作为修正殷宗泽模型的修正因子,最终对殷宗泽模型进行了修正。研究结果表明：生物酶能有效地提高改良膨胀土的力学性能,修正殷宗泽模型能够很好地描述生物酶改良膨胀土的土体本构关系。对比修正殷宗泽模型的理论计算值与试验值,两者具有很高的吻合度,且修正殷宗泽模型的参数确定方法与殷宗泽模型参数确定方法相同。     

基于南水模型的钙质砂应力−应变关系模拟

钙质砂是一种海洋生物成因的特殊岩土材料,具有颗粒性状不规则、易破碎的特点,表现出与石英砂不同的力学性质。为模拟钙质砂在不同应力水平下的应力?应变关系,首先分析南水模型的不足：即无法描述应力不变情况下应变无限增长的特点和不能描述钙质砂的剪胀性;然后通过在切线模量中引入应力比与峰值应力比的比值,合理考虑了颗粒破碎的影响;提出了切线模量和切线体积比与应力比间的函数关系式,使得改进后的模型能较好地描述应变?体变关系。同时,将孔隙压力系数引入到孔隙压力表达式中,较好地模拟了三轴不排水剪切试验结果。与现有的模型相比,改进后的模型表达式简单易懂,参数获取更为方便。     

基于二楔块法的加筋土挡墙屈服加速度及破坏模式极限分析

加筋土挡墙具有优越的抗震性能,并在土建工程中被广泛应用,因此,加筋土挡墙抗震设计方法的研究尤为重要。为了能够分析加筋体内部筋材布置方式、筋材抗拉强度等对屈服加速度的影响,假定破坏模式为双楔块模式,根据极限分析理论推导了加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表达式。与规范计算值相比,计算结果更接近模型测试值与数值模拟结果,同时计算方法可以反映模型的真实破坏模式。参数分析表明：屈服加速度随着筋材抗拉强度的增大而增大,特别是筋材长度较长时;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,屈服加速度逐渐减小;面板的宽度对屈服加速度几乎不产生影响;与面板宽度相比,筋材抗拉强度与竖向间距对加筋土挡墙破裂面形状的影响更大。     

黄土初始结构性对其压缩屈服的影响

黄土是一种典型的具有结构强度的欠压密土,其特殊的结构性会使黄土的压缩曲线出现类似超固结土的明显转折点（对应的压力称为结构压缩屈服应力）。为分析黄土的初始结构性对其压缩屈服的影响,对6个场地的黄土进行了侧限压缩试验及单轴抗压强度试验,分别得到了各个场地不同含水率黄土的压缩屈服应力和构度指标。研究表明：黄土的构度指标与压缩屈服应力均随含水率的增大而减小,同时随含水率的增大,构度变化幅度小的黄土,其压缩屈服应力变化幅度也小;沉积时代相同的黄土,构度越大,其压缩屈服应力越大,两者呈线性关系;黄土的沉积时代不同,其构度与压缩屈服应力的线性关系就不同。分别给出了Q3、Q2黄土的构度与压缩屈服应力的线性关系式,并通过实例初步验证了此线性关系的适用性,为以构度为桥梁,利用简便易得的物理指标计算压缩屈服应力提供了一种途径。