Studies on wind environment around high buildings in urban areas

High buildings or architectural complex in urban areas remarkably distort the urban surface wind fields. As the air flow approaches,local strong wind may appear around the buildings. The strong wind makes the pedestrians on sidewalks, entrances and terrace very uncomfortable and causes the pedestrian level wind environment problem. In this studies, hot-wire wind measurement, wind scouring in wind tunnel and numerical computation were carried out to evaluate the wind environment of tall buildings in the prevailing flow conditions in Beijing areas. The results obtained by three techniques were compared and mutually verified. The conclusions drawn from three approaches agree with each other. Also the advantages and limitations of each method were analyzed. It is suggested that the combination of different techniques may produce better assessment of wind environment around high buildings.     

逆风区的回波演变与强对流天气的结构分析

为研究逆风区回波结构的演变与中尺度强对流天气发生发展的关系,分析了2005年4月30日和6月22日在江西省境内有逆风区现象的强对流天气的多普勒雷达回波特征,对逆风区的回波强度与速度的演变进行对比分析后认为：逆风区不仅是暴雨判据,也是强对流天气的判据。逆风区的伸展高度一般较高,有逆风区的存在基本上都伴有剧烈的天气过程,只要逆风区的结构一直存在,强回波的反射率因子就不会减弱。本文提出了一种逆风区的三维结构模型,逆风区回波反映了强对流的生消结构,逆风区实为前方辐合上升、后方下沉的涡管结构,它是认识强对流天气系统三维结构的重要信息。     

巴楚-伽师6.8级地震地质灾害及未来地震地质灾害

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师交界地区发生了MS6.8地震。地震的发生除了对建筑物及构筑物与水利、交通、电力、电信设施造成了不同程度的破坏外,在地震烈度Ⅶ度以上(包括Ⅶ度)地区产生了不同程度的地震地质灾害。地震地质灾害主要为场地砂土液化、地裂缝与河流陡岸滑塌等类型。随后在新疆巴楚—伽师6.8级地震灾区开展了地震小区划工作,对Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区进行了场地工程地质条件勘测与综合评价,判定该地区未来可能产生的主要地震地质灾害为场地砂土液化、河流陡岸滑塌。     

DCT ANALYSIS DISTRIBUTION FEATURES OF NEAR-SURFACE WIND FIELDS DURING THE LANDFALL OF VONGFONG

1 INTRODUCTION The typhoon is a destructive weather phenomenon that stands at the top of ten major natural disasters[1]. Typhoon-related damages are the immediate consequences of weather it brings forth, which include heavy rain, strong winds and storm surges (water gain). They cause flash floods, bring down houses and break through dams[1]. Of the research on typhoons for the recent 10 years[2], new advances have been reported on abrupt changes in the motion, structure and intensity of…     

青海高原干热风的分布特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于青海省56个气象站1961—2010年50年气象资料对干热风的发生日数、空间分布及其变化特征分析表明:青海高原干热风主要分布在柴达木盆地且以小灶火为高发地,其次为东部农业区且以循化为高发地;近50年来干热风日数、强度均呈逐年上升趋势,2001—2010年年平均达到29站次,分别较20世纪60和70年代偏多17和ll站次;近年来平均最高气温的明显升高与相对湿度逐年减小是干热风日数增多的主要原因。     

用NOAA气象卫星AVHRR的定量资料计算冬小麦种植面积的两种方法

本文提出了用NOAA气象卫星AVHRR的定量资料计算冬小麦种植面积的方法,即绿度指数法和单通道法。绿度指数法是根据冬小麦在特定生育期内绿度值基本上保持为常数的特点,用几块巳知样地的种植面积,推算整体种植面积;单通道法是只使用AVHRR第二通道的反照率来计算冬小麦种植面积。这两种方法的优点在于不需考虑大气削弱的订正处理问题,从而使计算得以简化。     

An Aerosol Model of the Marine and Coastal Atmospheric Surface Layer

We present a microphysical model for the surface layer marine and coastal atmospheric aerosols that is based on long-term observations of size distributions for 0.01–100 µm particles. The fundamental feature of the model is a parameterization of amplitudes and widths for aerosol modes of the aerosol size distribution function (ASDF) as functions of fetch and wind speed. The shape of ASDF and its dependence on meteorological parameters, height above sea level (H), fetch (X), wind speed (U) and relative humidity (RH), are investigated. At present, the model covers the ranges H = 0–25 m, U?=?3–18 km s^?1, X?≤?120 km and RH?=?40–98%.

The latest version of the Marine Aerosol Extinction Profiles model (MaexPro) is described and applied to the computation and analysis of the spectral profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients α(λ) in the wavelength band λ?=?0.2–12 µm. MaexPro is based on the aforementioned aerosol model assuming spherically shaped aerosol particles and the well-known Mie theory.

The spectral profiles of α(λ) calculated by MaexPro are in good agreement with observational data and the numerical results obtained from the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM) and the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM). Moreover, MaexPro was found to be an accurate and reliable tool for investigating the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.     

贵州省优质烤烟气候区划指标的补充和修正

从贵州省优质烤烟气候区划指标出发,结合威宁县高海拔地区种烟的实际情况,详细分析了贵州省优质烤烟气候区划指标。得出表征热量与作物生长发育的关系,不仅要考虑日平均温度和持天数,还要考虑积温、昼夜温差、地温及叶面温度等。通过分析,对原指标中成熟期平均温度。大田生长期温度、旺长－成熟期天数等指标进行了修正。补充≥１０℃活动积温≥２２００℃,移栽期日平均气温≥１４℃,月平均日较左≥８℃等指标。     

大荔县洛河水化学成分的形成机制分析

在分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,根据对各类水样资料的研究,发现在洛河下游,对于相对惰性的组分,河水的化学成分由河水与地下水混合形成,并且从水化学的角度验证了在该区段补给河水的那部分地下水主要来自洛河以南的地下水;但对于易发生化学反应的组分,河水在向下游运动的过程中,其化学成分明显受到了化学反应的影响。论文使用Cl^-质量平衡方法,计算出洛河上游河水中地下水的补给比例在20～30％左右,下游地下水补给比例约占70％左右;并且根据研究区的具体条件及矿物饱和指数的计算结果,确定了石膏、方解石的溶解和白云石的沉淀以及碳酸平衡是河水化学成分形成的主要化学作用,通过对化学反应量的计算,恢复了河水与地下水仅发生了简单混合作用的混合水的成分。     

大连“11．28”翻船事故风浪分析

利用自动气象站资料、常规气象观测资料、NCEP全球再分析资料及WAVEWATCH III模式预报资等料对2012年11月28日大连翻船事故的大风大浪实况、事故成因及演变情况进行分析。结果表明：大连此次翻船事故高空的强冷空气促使冷涡加强,西部大陆高压和蒙古气旋不断加强东移,东南部海上高压稳定少动,蒙古气旋底前部与海上高压顶后部梯度加大,梯度密集区正好位于渤海海峡,造成黄海和渤海偏西大风;低层辐散和中层辐合的垂直结构加强了低层以下的上下扰动,构成南北垂直环流,中层以下动力强迫下沉气流将北侧中层的动量下传至辽东半岛南部地面及黄海、渤海海面,使其不断获得动能,有利于偏西大风的加强;西南向岸大风有利于浪高增长,偏西大风及与其同时增长的大浪是大连地区此次翻船事故的主要原因。