大黄鱼养殖群体和野生群体骨骼micro CT扫描显微结构比较

为了了解大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)野生群体和养殖群体脊椎骨骨骼显微结构的差异,本研究运用了Micro CT技术对大黄鱼全鱼骨骼系统进行了扫描与三维重建,选取野生群体和养殖群体背部和尾部脊椎骨进行了显微结构参数差异分析。结果显示,大黄鱼脊椎骨与头骨、尾骨相连,脊椎骨26个,肋骨附着在第1~11腹椎,无肌间刺,胸鳍位于头骨后,背鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍和尾鳍与脊椎骨并不相连。大黄鱼野生群体背部和尾部脊椎骨的组织矿物质密度和骨矿物质密度均显著高于养殖群体(P0.01),骨体积分数较养殖群体大(P0.05),骨小梁间隔较养殖群体小(P0.05),骨小梁数量、骨小梁厚度和结构模型指数上没有差别。推测是由于野生群体和养殖群体食物组成、生活环境以及活动情况等差异造成的。     

中国北方现代粟、黍及其野生近缘种的淀粉粒形态数据分析

对来自中国北方不同区域的9个粟（Setaria italica）样品及其野生祖本青狗尾草（Setaria viridis）的7个样品,9个黍（Panicum miliaceum）样品及其近缘野生种糠稷（Panicum bisulcatum）和野黍（Eriochloa villosa）样本各 1个,共27个样品进行了淀粉粒分析。针对每个样品,统计100～200颗淀粉粒粒径数据,100颗形态特征数据,在此基础上初步明确了5种植物淀粉粒如下判别特征: 1）5种淀粉粒中,除野黍淀粉粒为小粒径（X=4.8±0.8μm）的椭球形和球形外,其余4种淀粉粒都以多面体为主,球形或近球形为辅,脐点居中开放,黍、粟、青狗尾草和糠稷淀粉的平均粒径分别为X=7.3±1.4μm,X=9.9±2.3μm,X=7.7±1.4μm和X=6.9±1.2μm。2）粒径大于12μm的淀粉粒一般不是黍的淀粉粒。3）粒径大于14μm的淀粉粒99.9％来自粟。3）粒径小于11μm的淀粉粒,如果超过40％的淀粉粒表面无裂隙,极有可能为黍属的淀粉粒;  如果有超过30％的淀粉粒表面具有裂隙,则非常有可能来自狗尾草属。4）近乎45％的粟淀粉粒粒径处于11～14μm,而只有约4％的青狗尾草淀粉粒粒径位于这一区间。如果粒径在11～14μm的淀粉粒含量超过获得淀粉粒总量的4％,则其中很可能包含有粟的淀粉粒。以上标准在鉴定时还需要综合考虑。高粱（Sorghum bicolor）与薏米（Coix chinensis）在粒径和形态上与狗尾草属和黍属有部分重合,但大部分高粱的淀粉粒具有层纹,薏米则有30％的粒径大于14μm,与粟只有5％的淀粉粒位于这一粒径范围有很大的区别。通过研究发现,在现阶段,典型黍亚科（Panicoideae）种类淀粉形态在统计上的区别是明显的,但仅依靠少量颗粒特征进行区分是困难的,如何把现代淀粉特征准确应用到考古样品的鉴定中,还有待更多的淀粉埋藏学研究。目前,针对粟、黍及其野生近缘种的鉴别,植硅体分析的效果明显好于淀粉粒分析。     

Resistance among wild invertebrate populations to recurrent estuarine acidification

Acid sulphate soils (ASS), which occur on floodplains worldwide, pose a significant threat to estuarine ecosystems. In laboratory and field experiments, naïve calcifying organisms that are exposed for even short periods (1–2 mo) to runoff from ASS suffer 80% mortality and slowed growth. Based on these observations we expected that sampling of wild oyster, gastropod and crab populations at sites close to and away from drains discharging ASS runoff would reveal more depauperate populations, of sparser and smaller-sized individuals at the more acidified sites. Sampling within three estuaries of New South Wales, Australia, confirmed that the oyster Saccostrea glomerata and gastropods (primarily Bembicium auratum) were less abundant at ASS-affected than reference sites. Nevertheless, crab abundances did not differ between the acidified and reference sites and impacts to bivalves and gastropods were far smaller than predicted. Although at ASS-affected sites gastropod populations were dominated by smaller individuals than at reference sites, oyster populations were skewed towards larger individuals. Even at ASS-affected sites, oyster and gastropod abundances were within the range encountered in estuaries that are not influenced by ASS runoff. Behaviour, long-term physiological acclimation or genetic selection may be responsible for differences in the responses of wild and naïve macroinvertebrates to acidification. Alternatively, wild populations may exhibit some recovery between the rainfall events that transport ASS runoff into estuaries, despite the persistently lower pH near outflow drains. Irrespective, this study suggests that at the population level, calcifying organisms display a certain degree of natural resistance to recurrent disturbance from ASS runoff.     

“Bush Doctors and Wild Medicine”: The Scale of Trade in Cape Town's Informal Economy of Wild-Harvested Medicine and Traditional Healing

South Africa's organically emerged cultural business of traditional healing is almost exclusively reliant on wild-harvested resources extracted from wilderness areas or open-access commons. The wild medicine business has been described for much of South Africa, although is little understood in Cape Town, the urban centerpiece of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). A census of different traditional healer typologies in five typical working-class residential areas (representing ～71,500 residents) was conducted to assess the nature and extent of traditional medicine harvesting and trade. Extrapolating these findings for the city reveals a local industry of more than 15,000 practitioners collectively conducting trade worth US $15.6 million per year. More than 40% of the volume of traditional medicines traded in the city is harvested from the CFR. Future conservation approaches must consider that the business of traditional healing and dispensing wild-harvested medicines is both economically important and culturally entrenched.     

西北干旱区野生植物及野生药材资源保护中的资源法规分析

西北地区野生药材资源和野生植物资源的滥采乱挖不仅引起了资源的迅速衰竭，而且还破坏了当地的草地资源，区域的生态环境也随之渐趋恶化。从产权制度、许可制度、保护制度等资源法律制度入手分析了滥采乱挖屡禁不止的主要原因，并进而提出了加强资源法制建设的多种途径和对策：（1）完善资源产权制度，实现资源产权的具体化、实体化；（2）依法行政，实现资源开发利用和经营的法制化管理；（3）重新审视资源的价值，合理确定资源的保护级别；（4）加强资源法制宣传，提高群众的法律意识。     

大别山野生花卉资源的开发利用

大别山地处鄂、豫、皖三省交界处,自然环境复杂多样,野生植物资源和花卉资源较为丰富,约有野生花卉植物380种。本文探讨了大别山野生花卉资源的特点,列举了一些开发利用价值大的花卉的特征、生活习性和利用方式。     

舟山近海日本囊对虾野生群体与越冬养成群体形态性状对体重和肉重影响的比较

于舟山近海日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)海捕野生群体和露天池塘越冬养成群体中各随机选取150尾作为测定样本,依次测量其体重(Y1)、肉重(Y2)、体长(X1)、头胸甲长(X2)、胸宽(X3)、胸高(X4)、第二腹节长(X5)、第二腹节宽(X6)、第二腹节高(X7)、尾节长(X8)、尾节宽(X9)、尾节高(X10)、眼径(X11)、眼窝距(X12)、额剑长(X13)、额剑上缘锯齿数(X14)等16项表型性状,并采用相关分析、通径分析和偏回归分析等方法定量研究了日本囊对虾形态性状对野生海捕群体与露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的影响效应。结果表明:(1)两实验测定群体的体重和肉重与本研究中除X14外的其它形态性状的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01);(2)经通径分析,海捕野生群体被保留的形态性状与体重和肉重的复相关指数分别为0.944和0.837,露天越冬养成群体被保留的形态性状与体重和肉重的复相关指数分别为0.955和0.907,其中影响露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的核心变量均为X1,重要变量依次为X2和X6,影响海捕野生群体体重和肉重的核心变量分别为X1和X2,重要变量均为X6;(3)经多元回归分析,得出了用于估算海捕野生群体体重和肉重的回归方程以及估算露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的回归方程。