湖南冬季两次暴雪过程的对比诊断分析

利用常规地面和高空观测资料及欧洲中心ERA-5再分析数据,对2021年12月25—27日（21·12）、2022年2月21—23日（22·02）发生在湖南的两次暴雪过程进行诊断分析。两次暴雪过程有强度大、影响范围广,暴雪落区较为重合的特点。两次暴雪过程也表现出明显差异,21·12过程的累计降雪量小于22·02过程,但21·12以干雪为主,22·02以湿雪为主。分析差异的成因发现：（1）22·02过程水汽辐合强度强、延伸高度高、厚度厚,动力条件由南支槽和低涡提供;21·12过程水汽条件相对弱,动力条件由冷锋强迫抬升提供。（2）21·12过程冷空气从低层南下,云中冰相粒子比例大,温度层结满足干雪条件;22·02过程中层气温下降,云中冰相粒子与水相粒子共存,地面气温在0℃以上,故以湿雪为主。     

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和太平洋牡蛎(Crasostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的研究

对海湾扇贝和太平洋牡蛎的呼吸和排泄进行了实验研究。结果表明,温度和贝的体重对两种贝类的耗氧率和氨排泄率都有明显的影响,且两因子间存在着交互作用。海湾扇贝的耗氧率（ＱＯ,ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ）和氨排泄率（ＱＮ,μｇ／ｇ·ｈ）与温度（Ｔ,℃）和湿重（Ｗ,ｇ）存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０４６Ｗ－０．２７２１．０８Ｔ,ＱＮ＝６．７９Ｗ－０．３２７１．０３Ｔ;太平洋牡蛎的耗氧和氨排泄率与温度、湿重存在下列关系：ＱＯ＝０．０８５Ｗ－０．１３０１．０６Ｔ,ＱＮ＝２．６６Ｗ－０．２３６１．０１Ｔ。     

“莫兰蒂”台风暴雨的湿Q矢量和垂直螺旋度分析

利用NCEP FNL再分析资料和中国自动站与CMORPH融合降水资料对1614号台风"莫兰蒂"进行了非地转湿Q矢量和垂直螺旋度诊断分析。对比非地转湿Q矢量散度和垂直螺旋度的三维结构可见,低层正垂直螺旋度与台风移动和强度变化相对应,可作为台风演变的动力因子。而综合考虑了动力和热力作用的非地转湿Q矢量在台风暴雨预报中作用更突出,其中低层700 hPa上的非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合值大于20×10^-16/(hPa·s^3)可作为台风暴雨落区和强度预报的重要参考量,其所对应的辐合区变化与台风暴雨落区变化有较好的对应关系,此外,湿Q矢量散度的三维结构反映了台风内部存在明显的中尺度对流系统,中尺度对流云团不断生消使得台风暴雨维持。     

The study on the depositional styles of major ions and the climatic effect of nssSO2-4 in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica

Snow samples collected from a 50 m firn core and two snow pits along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. Analyzing the relationship between the concentration and flux of major ions and accumulation rate can draw the following conclusions. 1 ) The concentrations of major ions in the atmosphere in the study region is big enough so that the concentrations of the ions do not vary with snow accumulation rate, that is to say, the concentrations of major chemical species are independent of snow accumulation rate. 2) The results of analyzing the depositional styles of major chemical species suggest that wet deposition dominates the major ions flux. In addition, there is no apparent correlation between nssSO2-4 fluctuations and isotope profile. This would indicate the short-term climatic effect of volcanism is not evident in the region.     

A modified trapezoid framework model for partitioning regional evapotranspiration

While evapotranspiration (ET) is normally measured as one hydrologic component, evaporation (E), and transpiration (T) result from different physical-biological processes. Using a two-source model, a trapezoid framework has been widely applied in recent years. The key to applying the trapezoid framework model is the determination of the dry/wet boundaries of the land surface temperature-fractional vegetation coverage trapezoid (LST-f_c). Although algorithms have been developed to characterize the two boundaries, there remains a significant uncertainty near the wet boundary which scatters in a discrete and uneven manner. It is therefore difficult to precisely locate the wet boundary. To address this problem, a Wet Boundary Algorithm (WBA) was developed in this study with the algorithm applied in the region of Huang-Huai-Hai plain of China, using the Pixel Component Arranging and Comparing Algorithm (PCACA) to retrieve ET from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data. The eddy covariance (EC) measurements from Yucheng station was used to verify the modified model where the root mean square error (RMSE) of 17.8 W/m², Bias of −7.2 W/m² for latent heat flux (LE) simulation in 28 cloudless test days. The ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET) varied between 0.48 and 0.81 over the Huang-Huai-Hai plain. The spatial and temporal distribution of ET revealed that agriculture practices have a significant influence on the hydrological cycle, where crop growth promotes the magnitude of ET. Likewise, harvesting activities significantly reduce ET. The proposed WBA algorithm significantly reduces the uncertainty of the trapezoid ET model caused by wet edge positioning. The analysis of the impact of agricultural activities on ET provide a better understanding how human activities change the hydrological cycle at regional scales.     

Comparison of the multi‐layer HUT snow emission model with observations of wet snowpacks

Information on snow properties plays an important role in hydrological, meteorological and climatological applications. Passive microwave remote sensing is an effective method to retrieve snowpack parameters; however, the observations can be obscured if there is wet snow in the satellite footprint. To study the emission properties of wet snow and check its response to snow wetness, this paper applies the multi‐layer Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model coupled with the Advanced Integral Equation Model to simulate the low‐wetness snowpack observed at Luancheng in November 2009, and the high wetness snowpack observed at Weissfluhjoch in June 1995. Input parameters are acquired by the in‐situ snow pit measurements, while the snow grain size is fitted by comparing model predictions with the observed passive microwave signals at a range of observing angles. Results show that the application of a multi‐layer model is capable to consider the distribution pattern of the snow wetness along the snow profile and the refrozen ice crust of the snow surface. The multi‐layer HUT model is able to reproduce the wet snow emission properties, with an rms error of 4.4 K (at Luancheng) and 5.7 K (at Weissfluhjoch) at vertical polarization, and an rms error of 7.9 K (at Luancheng) and 11.4 K (at Weissfluhjoch) at horizontal polarization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

干湿过程中花岗岩残积土抗拉强度变化研究

利用自制的土体直拉强度测试仪,研究了重塑花岗岩残积土在不同含水率下、增湿过程和干燥过程中抗拉强度的变化规律,并从胶结力和湿吸力的角度讨论了抗拉强度变化规律的微观机制。结果表明：不同含水率条件下抗拉强度随含水率增加呈现先增后减,峰值两侧呈较好的指数规律;增湿过程中抗拉强度随含水率增加呈先增后减趋势,峰值两侧为一次函数规律;干燥过程中抗拉强度随含水率降低出现指数增加阶段、平稳阶段和小幅降低阶段3个阶段,其抗拉强度峰值为不同含水率条件下抗拉强度的4倍。花岗岩残积土在不同含水率和增湿过程中的抗拉强度的变化主要受湿吸力控制,而干燥过程中抗拉强度变化的同时受湿吸力和胶结力的控制,且胶结力对抗拉强度的贡献超过70%。土体的干燥开裂过程对应干燥过程中抗拉强度变化的几个阶段,干燥时湿吸力是土体内部拉应力的来源,这说明湿吸力既是抗拉强度的贡献者,同时也是抗拉强度的破坏者。该研究结果从另一种角度解释了土体抗拉强度的形成来源及其变化的主控因素。     

室外热环境指标的简化计算和应用研究

利用天津市边界层观测站2008年5-9月、2009年5-7月温度、湿度、风速、湿球黑球温度(WBGT)和太阳辐射资料作相关性分析,结果表明：干球温度、相对湿度、太阳辐射、风速与湿球黑球温度具有一定的线性相关度。结合Rayman模型计算平均辐射温度,建立了以云、大气温度、相对湿度、风作为预报因子的湿球黑球温度统计方程。利...     

一次连续暴雨的非地转湿Q矢量分解分析

利用实测暴雨资料,运用改进的非地转湿Q矢量对青藏高原东侧2005年7月18日至19日的一次连续暴雨天气进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明：700 hPa Q矢量散度场不仅将暴雨区反映出来了,而且散度辐合中心与降水中心对应。进一步把改进的非地转湿Q矢量分解为平行于等位温线和垂直于等位温线两部分,分析表明：准地转的大尺度系统与非地转非绝热的中小尺度系统在不同高度起着不同程度的作用,二者相叠加,形成暴雨。在第一阶段的暴雨中,大尺度的上升运动强迫作用在700 hPa占主要作用,而中小尺度系统在较低层次和中层起主要作用,促使强对流的发展和深对流的形成,对暴雨落区的反映也更准确。在第二阶段的暴雨中,垂直上升运动以中尺度非绝热强迫为主,随着对流不稳定能量的大量释放,中小尺度系统作用快速减弱,降水趋于减弱。     

台风登陆后非对称降水的非地转湿Q矢量研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和热带降水测量卫星资料,采用改进后考虑非绝热加热的非地转湿Q矢量理论,对“0907”号热带风暴“天鹅”登陆后非对称降水特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)台风登陆后雨带出现断裂,降水呈现明显非对称性特征,强降水主要位于第二象限;(2)非地转湿Q矢量散度分布较好描述了台风登陆后降水的非对称性,与降水的分布有较好的对应关系,强降水主要位于湿Q矢量散度梯度的大值区;(3)沿台风移动方向上,非地转湿Q矢量辐合、辐散交替分布构成雨区内的垂直环流结构,其中倾斜上升支的非对称结构,造成了降水的非对称性;(4)经过台风中心存在纬向的次级环流,对降水起抑制作用,其东西向的不对称结构有利于降水的非对称性发展;(5)非绝热加热项有利于加强降水的非对称性特征.