Growth of Black Holes and Their Host Spheroids in （Sub）mm-loud High-Redshift QSOs

We study the growth of black holes and stellar population in spheroids at high redshift using several （sub）mm-loud QSO samples. Applying the same criteria established in an earlier work, we find that, similar to IR QSOs at low redshift, the far-infrared emission of these （sub）mm-loud QSOs mainly originates from dust heated by starbursts. By combining low-z IR QSOs and high-z （sub）mm-loud QSOs, we find a trend that the star formation rate （M＊） increases with the accretion rate （Mace）. We compare the values of M＊/Macc for submm emitting galaxies （SMGs）, far-infrared ultraluminous/hypeduminous QSOs and typical QSOs, and construct a likely evolution scenario for these objects. The （sub）mm-loud QSO transition phase has both high Macc and M＊ and hence is important for establishing the correlation between the masses of black holes and spheroids.     

Galvanic interactions between galena–sphalerite and their reactivity

The galvanic effect between the main associated mineralogical phases in a mineral sphalerite concentrate was evaluated using an alternative methodology. Comparative voltammetric studies were performed between high purity galena mineral (94.65%) and sphalerite concentrate (content of 78.11% sphalerite, ZnS; 13.64% galena, PbS; 0.57% chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂; 0.41% cadmium sulfide, CdS; and 0.11% arsenopyrite, FeAsS) using carbon paste electrodes (CPE) in order to identify galvanic interactions that affect their reactivity. The electrolyte was an aqueous solution of 0.1 M NaNO₃ (pH 6.5). The results showed that, in sphalerite concentrate, the electrochemical reactivity of the galena was diminished and displaced to more positive potentials with respect to the high purity galena mineral response. This behavior can be attributed to the galvanic protection offered by the sphalerite on the galena, thereby avoiding its free oxidation. On the other hand, sphalerite oxidation was diminished by the formation of a passive products film that is dissolved to more positive potentials which provokes oxidation of other minerals like CuFeS₂, (Zn,Cd)S and FeAsS present in a minor proportion in the sphalerite concentrate.     

Dry mergers: a crucial test for galaxy formation

We investigate the role that dry mergers play in the build-up of massive galaxies within the cold dark matter paradigm. Implementing an empirical shut-off mass scale for star formation, we find a nearly constant dry merger rate of  ∼6 × 10⁻⁵ Mpc⁻³ Gyr⁻¹  at   z ≤ 1  and a steep decline at larger z . Less than half of these mergers are between two galaxies that are morphologically classified as early-types, and the other half is mostly between an early- and late-type galaxy. Latter are prime candidates for the origin of tidal features around red elliptical galaxies. The introduction of a transition mass scale for star formation has a strong impact on the evolution of galaxies, allowing them to grow above a characteristic mass scale of   M _{*, c} ∼ 6.3 × 10¹⁰ M_⊙  by mergers only. As a consequence of this transition, we find that around   M _{*, c}   , the fraction of 1:1 mergers is enhanced with respect to unequal mass major mergers. This suggests that it is possible to detect the existence of a transition mass scale by measuring the relative contribution of equal mass mergers to unequal mass mergers as a function of galaxy mass. The evolution of the high-mass end of the luminosity function is mainly driven by dry mergers at low z . We however find that only 10–20 per cent of galaxies more massive than   M _{*, c}   experience dry major mergers within their last Gyr at any given redshift   z ≤ 1  .     

东太湖浮游植物与浮游动物群落的嵌套性及其互作网络的季节特征

浮游生物主要由浮游植物和浮游动物组成,是湖泊生态系统的重要组分.嵌套性结构及物种间的互作关系对群落的分布格局、功能乃至稳定性都具有重要意义,然而到目前为止,我们对此仍知之甚少.为此,本研究以东太湖为研究区域,在2019-2020年期间进行了春、夏、秋、冬季的观测调查,根据浮游生物群落的组成和多样性特征,结合群落分布矩阵和二分网模型研究浮游生物的嵌套性格局及其互作关系,并探讨其驱动机制.结果显示:(1)在时间上,春、秋、冬季水体的理化特征较为相似,但与夏季的水质差异显著.在空间上,西南部区域的综合污染指数显著高于东北部;(2)环境异质性使得浮游植物呈现出明显的嵌套性分布,即秋、冬季群落是春、夏季群落的子集.然而,浮游动物并未呈现该分布特征;(3)浮游生物的互作关系具有明显的季节特征:冬季的互作网络组成最简单,物种竞争最激烈,物种的特异性关系、物种脆弱性和一般性最小,说明浮游生物群落的稳定性在冬季最弱.综上所述,水环境的时空差异性造成的生态位分离可能是造成浮游生物嵌套性及其互作网络季节性变化的主要机制.     

华北平原高氟地下水中稀土元素分布和分异特征

高氟地下水是世界各国研究者广泛关注的重大环境问题。尽管对高氟地下水的化学特征、形成机理和扩散机制等已有不少研究,但其稀土元素(REE)的含量和分异特征以及这些特征能否反映高氟地下水的形成和分布尚不清楚,这在一定程度上限制了REE在高氟地下水中的运用。本研究以地下水氟离子异常严重地区——华北平原为研究区,沿地下水流向采集浅层和深层地下水样,研究分析了水中氟离子和REE的地球化学特征。浓度分析结果表明地下水氟离子浓度介于0.28 mg/L和9.33 mg/L之间,其中55%超出我国饮用水标准规定值1.0 mg/L;PHREEQC计算结果反映地下水中氟以NaF、CaF⁺、MgF⁺和自由态F^-形式存在,其中自由态F^-含量占主导(85.42%99.39%);高氟地下水主要分布于中部冲积湖积平原以及东部冲积海积平原,60%高氟地下水样分布在180 m深度以下;水化学图件分析结果指示浅层高氟地下水的形成主要受蒸发浓缩作用的控制,而深层高氟地下水是水岩相互作用下的矿物溶解和离子竞争吸附共同作用的结果。研究区地下水REE含量处于pmol/L至nmol/L级别,PHREEQC模拟计算结果表明REE主要以碳酸络合物( {\mathrm{REECO}}_3^{+}和$REE(CO_{3})_{2}^{-})$的形式存在,与氟离子络合的稀土元素(REEF²⁺和 {\mathrm{REEF}}_2^{+})占01.18%;上陆壳(UCC)标准化结果显示,所有地下水均呈重REE(HREE)和中REE(MREE)相对于轻REE(LREE)富集的模式,且具有显著Ce负异常(0.11* = Ce_UCC/(La_UCC×Pr_UCC)^0.5<2.29)特性;地下水富HREE主要归因于HREE比LREE优先与碳酸根络合,并且形成更加稳定的碳酸络合物。沿地下水流向,深层地下水中总REE含量与地下水中氟浓度均呈现不断上升的变化趋势,同时高氟地下水比低氟地下水更易富集重稀土元素,说明稀土元素对深层含水层富氟行为具有一定的指示作用。     

Generation of zonal flow by resonant Rossby-Haurwitz wave interactions

Starting out with two interacting Rossby-Haurwitz waves, the generation of zonal flow is discussed. It is shown that zonal flow cannot be generated by first or second order interactions between two such waves, unless they are exchanging energy with a third wave within a resonant triad. The generation of zonal flow at second order through resonant triad interactions is subsequently established and studied.