Dynamic simulation of tropical coral reef ecosystem being disturbed by multiple situations

In consideration of the rapid degradation of coral reef ecosystems, the establishment of models is helpful to comprehend the degradation mechanism of coral reef ecosystems and predict the development process of coral reef communities. According to the characteristics of complex ecosystem of tropical coral reefs in China, the coral reef functional group is the core level variable; combined with the multiple feedback effects of coral reef functional groups and environmental changes, the study presents a coral reef ecosystem dynamics model with hermatypic corals as the core. Based on the simulation of the assumed initial value and the internal feedback of the system, the results show that in the basic simulation(relative health conditions), the coverage area of live corals and coral reefs generally decreased first and then increased, and increased by 4.67% and 6.38% between2010 and 2050, respectively. Based on the calibration model and the current situation of the studied area, the multi-factor disturbance effects of coral reef communities were simulated and explored by setting up three scenarios involving fishing policy, terrestrial deposition, and inorganic nitrogen emissions. Among them, in the single factor disturbance, the fishing policy exerts the most direct impact on the community decline; and the succession phenomenon is obvious; the terrestrial sedimentation has a faster and more integrated effect on the community decline; the effect of inorganic nitrogen emission on the community decline is relatively slow. In the double/multi-factor disturbance, the superimposed disturbance will aggravate the multi-source feedback effect of the coral reef communities development, accelerate the community decay rate, and make its development trajectory more complicated and diverse. This method provides a scientific and feasible method for simulating the damage of long-term coral reef community and exploring the development law and adaptive management of coral reef ecosystems. In the future, it can be further studied in the ecological restoration process and decisionmaking direction of coral reefs.     

Gravel sediment routing from widespread,low- intensity landscape disturbance,Current River Basin,Missouri

During the last 160 years, land-use changes in the Ozarks have had the potential to cause widespread, low-intensity delivery of excess amounts of gravel-sized sediment to stream channels. Previous studies have indicated that this excess gravel bedload is moving in wave-like forms through Ozarks drainage basins. The longitudinal, areal distribution of gravel bars along 160 km of the Current River, Missouri, was evaluated to determine the relative effects of valley-scale controls, tributary basin characteristics, and lagged sediment transport in creating areas of gravel accumulations. The longitudinal distribution of gravel-bar area shows a broad scale wave-like form with increases in gravel-bar area weakly associated with tributary junctions. Secondary peaks of gravel area with 1·8–4·1 km spacing (disturbance reaches) are superimposed on the broad form. Variations in valley width explain some, but not all, of the short-spacing variation in gravel-bar area. Among variables describing tributary drainage basin morphometry, present-day land use and geologic characteristics, only drainage area and road density relate even weakly to gravel-bar areal inventories. A simple, channel network-based sediment routing model shows that many of the features of the observed longitudinal gravel distribution can be replicated by uniform transport of sediment from widespread disturbances through a channel network. These results indicate that lagged sediment transport may have a dominant effect on the synoptic spatial distribution of gravel in Ozarks streams; present-day land uses are only weakly associated with present-day gravel inventories; and valley-scale characteristics have secondary controls on gravel accumulations in disturbance reaches. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应力扰动对地震周期和地震矩影响的数值模拟

利用二维有限元数值模型,结合断层滑移弱化摩擦准则对断层滑动规律以及应力扰动对其影响进行了研究．数值计算结果表明,在均匀应力分布情况下, 平面断层滑动显示出典型的特征地震规律,断层面上的应力扰动对断层滑动规律产生影响,压应力增加明显延迟地震的发生时间,并增加地震释放的能量．应力扰动发生在地震破裂临界区时的影响比在震前滑移区时的影响显著．当发生在地震滑移区时,若应力扰动足够大,则压应力增大会造成地震发生时部分动力断层被暂时锁住,使得地震释放的能量变小,但可增加后续地震的能量; 而压应力减小则可导致地震规律产生更加复杂的变化,会即时触发地震．如果应力扰动发生在一个地震周期的早期,则触发的地震较小,但可导致随后的地震提前发生; 如果应力扰动发生在一个地震周期的后期,则会触发大地震．当应力扰动位于震前滑移区或破裂临界区时,小的扰动也可能产生类似的效果．应力扰动产生越晚,这种影响也越明显．应力扰动发生在破裂临界区的影响最明显．应力扰动的影响一般主要集中在应力发生扰动后的1—2个地震周期内．后续地震基本恢复无应力扰动时的特征地震规律．      

Sediment resuspension under action of wind in Taihu Lake,China

A field study was undertaken to investigate the changes of the current speed, wave parameters and sediment resuspension under different wind speeds in the Taihu Lake. The Acoustic Doppler Current Profi...     

宝应模拟电磁扰动前兆异常特征

通过对2006-2011年宝应模拟电磁扰动监测范围内3-4级地震前异常变化的时、空、强的特征统计和分析,认为宝应模拟电磁扰动仪器具有较好的地震短临预测能力,归纳仪器的异常通道、异常起始时间、最大振幅变化和异常频次与地震间的特征联系,并对震例中出现的特殊情况进行探讨,认为未来在立足观测的同时,还需根据仪器所处的地质和地震情况,综合其他观测手段开展地震预测研究工作。     

永年地震台水管加速N倾异常分析

永年水管倾斜 NS 分量2012年9月出现加速 N 倾异常,从洞室环境、仪器系统、供电系统、环境干扰等方面进行调查和分析,采用三维集中荷载模型,计算采石场、挖土场等荷载变化对水管倾斜观测影响的理论值,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,判定此项异常应为周围环境干扰造成的荷载变化所致。     

山东洞体应变观测质量分析

选取山东省3个洞体应变台2007-2011年观测数据,分析资料的完整性、内在质量及干扰因素.结果表明：①观测资料连续性和完整性较好;②仪器零漂满足设计指标要求;③M2波振幅因子相对误差和相对噪声水平达到Ⅰ类应变台标准;④仪器更新后观测质量提升;⑤洞体应变观测主要受仪器调修、气压、降雨和观测环境变化等因素影响.     

首都圈数字电磁波变化特征

选取首都圈地区红山、昌黎、怀来、昌平流村、密云牛栏山等11个地震台的数字电磁波资料,利用最大熵谱法,对其分钟值和时值资料进行谱成分分析,发现数字电磁波日变化12 h半日波和24 h全日波的成分较强。通过环境调研和对比分析,总结数字电磁波的常见干扰源为地电阻率干扰和地铁干扰等,干扰形态分别为地电阻率供电时段5 min左右的远超数字电磁波本底的扰动和地铁运行时段的正脉冲变化。     

FHD分量核旋仪观测系统的抗干扰技术

空间电磁波干扰和电源高频谐波干扰是分量核旋仪观测系统的主要干扰源;分量核旋仪观测系统的探头、分量线圈、供电系统及通信线路是主要的干扰途径。作者着重对干扰途径进行了分析,提出了观测系统的抗干扰措施,并分别对探头及信号输入通道、分量线圈、供电系统、通信线路、仪器电路、仪器控制软件进行了全方位的抗干扰设计,新设计提高了分量核旋观测系统的抗干扰能力。     

引发梅雨锋暴雨的频发型中尺度低压(扰动)的诊断研究

利用再分析资料及加密观测资料,对1999年6月下旬有利大尺度环境条件下长江中下游地区梅雨锋上频发的5个中尺度低压(扰动)进行了诊断研究.由合成分析得到了长江中下游地区中尺度低压(扰动)的基本特征(共性);依其特征将之归纳为两种类型;之后选择两个典型个例分析了它们各自发生发展过程中特征的异同(个性).分析结果揭示了梅雨锋中尺度低压(扰动)的动力和热力结构特征、暴雨过程中对流活动的详细过程及典型雨团的路径和生命史.此外,高山站每小时的风记录等信息反映出低空西南急流和其上大风速中心同中尺度低压(扰动)及暴雨发生演变过程有密切关系.高空急流对中尺度低压(扰动)的发展及暴雨有明显的作用,有无高空西风急流与低空急流的耦合似乎是未来发展与不发展中尺度低压(扰动)之间重要的动力学区别之一.