A solely radiance-based spectral angular distribution model and its application in deriving clear-sky spectral fluxes over tropical oceans

The radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere plays a critical role in climate research. Compared to the broadband flux, the spectrally resolved outgoing longwave radiation or flux(OLR), with rich atmospheric information in different bands,has obvious advantages in the evaluation of GCMs. Unlike methods that need auxiliary measurements and information, here we take atmospheric infrared sounder(AIRS) observations as an example to build a self-consistent algorithm by an angular distribution model(ADM), based solely on radiance observations, to estimate clear-sky spectrally resolved fluxes over tropical oceans. As the key step for such an ADM, scene type estimations are obtained from radiance and brightness temperature in selected AIRS channels. Then, broadband OLR as well as synthetic spectral fluxes are derived by the spectral ADM and validated using both synthetic spectra and CERES(Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) observations. In most situations, the mean OLR differences between the spectral ADM products and the CERES observations are within ±2 W m~(-2), which is less than 1% of the typical mean clear-sky OLR over tropical oceans. The whole algorithm described in this study can be easily extended to other similar hyperspectral radiance measurements.     

CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL PARTITION BY RADIANCE-DERIVED CLOUD CONTENT: A MODELING STUDY

A new scheme that separates convective-stratiform rainfall is developed using threshold values of liquid water path (LWP) and ice water path (IWP). These cloud contents can be predicted with radiances at the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) channels (23.8, 31.4, 89, and 150 GHz) through linear regression models. The scheme is demonstrated by an analysis of a two-dimensional cloud resolving model simulation that is imposed by a forcing derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The rainfall is considered convective if associated LWP is larger than 1.91 mm or IWP is larger than 1.70 mm. Otherwise, the rainfall is stratiform. The analysis of surface rainfall budget demonstrates that this new scheme is physically meaningful.     

TM影像地面二向性的分析及校正方法研究

在影响辐射失真的各种因素中,二向反射特性越来越被人们所重视。本文针对地面二向反射特性造成的辐射失真问题进行深入的研究,从辐射失真的根本角度上补偿色调的差异,使得尽量恢复图像灰度与实际地表辐射的真实对应关系。并采用适合TM影像的Roujean模型进行实验处理,得到了较好的减弱辐射差异的效果。最后采用影像拼接等方法对实验结果进行了分析和评价。     

离水辐射非朗伯特性的Monte Carlo模拟及分析

水体光场的非朗伯特性(二向性)是目前水色反演算法中的误差因素之一。随着新一代高精度水色遥感器的发射,原来的许多次要因素已变得不可忽略。为研究水体光场的非朗伯特性,首先建立了一个三维MonteCarlo海洋光学模型,并利用国际上提出的7个海洋光学标准问题中的4个对模型的正确性进行了检验;在此基础上,模拟了不同太阳天顶角、体成分等参数对离水辐射率的方向特性的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定的遥感器-太阳-像元几何条件下,同一水体的光场二向性带来的离水辐射率变化可能大于已有的业务化水色大气修正算法反演高水辐射率的误差。模拟结果对水色遥感中正确进行现场数据获取及遥感与地面数据比对有一定的意义。     

由TSRB辐射计数据估算海面离水辐亮度的经验方法

为建立基于经验统计的TSRB辐射计数据估算离水辐亮度的方法,利用SeaBASS数据库中640多个现场测量的辐亮度和辐照度光谱剖面数据,建立向上辐亮度衰减系数K_(lu)的经验算法.此算法为幂指数形式,输入变量为水下0.65 m的向上辐亮度(490 nm)与海面上向下的辐照度(555 nm或665 nm)之比(即为TSRB直接测量的两个参数).当水体较清时,输入为蓝绿波段之比,当水混浊时,采用蓝红波段之比.获得了K_(lu)后,海面以上的辐亮度(离水辐亮度)由z=0.65 m处的辐亮度外推获得.初步的检验结果表明,该方法对一类和二类水域都有很好性能,且算法实现简单,运行速度快.     

光谱仪测量离水辐射率的处理方法

本文概述了利用光谱仪在水面之上进行水表光学特性测量的主要方法（水面之上测量法）,以及处理和计算离水辐射率、归一化离水辐射率及遥感反射率等水表光学特性参数的主要方法。对１９９８年在东海３个站点的测量数据进行了处理和分析,并与剖面法计算结果进行了比较。     

中低云云底高的地基红外遥感的初步分析

在辐射传输模拟结果分析的基础上,提出利用云底高与下行红外辐射之间的单调关系进行云底高遥感反演的算法,并结合激光测云仪云底高实测数据对算法进行了初步验证。结果表明,该算法对中低云云底高反演的平均误差为107 m,具有较高的准确性。     

直接同化卫星辐射数据的黄海海雾数值试验研究

基于中尺度大气模式WRF及其3DVAR.模块,采用循环3DVAR数据同化方案,针对6次明显的黄海海雾过程,实施了一系列直接同化ATOVS卫星辐射数据数值试验.在试验中设计了不同化任何观测数据、仅同化GTS常规数据、仅直接同化辐射数据,同时同化二者,以及同化不同疏密程度辐射数据的对比研究方案.利用地面水平能见度与卫星云图对模拟的海雾雾区进行了评估,并比较了各种同化方案所形成初始场的差异.对试验结果的统计分析表明:同化试验较好地再现了影响海雾的天气系统,模拟雾区与实际观测较为吻合,并且初始温度场和湿度场对比不同化任何观测数据的试验有明显的改善;仅同化辐射数据的结果略优于仅同化常规数据的结果,疏化或者只同化海上辐射数据几乎不影响模拟的雾区,但却可以大幅节约计算资源;同时同化常规数据与辐射数据的结果为单独同化它们所得结果的综合体现,总体效果最好.     

沙尘浓度资料与AMSU辐射率资料同化在GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式中的应用

利用GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式及GRAPES_3DVAR系统,设计了4种试验,分别为没有同化的CTRL控制试验、仅同化探空资料的noPM试验、同时同化探空和PM10的PM试验和同时同化探空和AMSU辐射率资料的NOAA试验,对2011年4月28日-30日发生在中国北方地区的一次大范围沙尘暴过程进行了分析和对比模拟试验。结果发现：仅同化探空资料时,模式能够反映出沙尘天气系统的发展演变情况,但沙尘天气分布范围和强度的模拟效果没有明显改进;初始场中考虑了PM10沙尘浓度的分布后在很大程度上能够改善GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式对沙尘分布范围和强度的模拟效果;同化AMSU辐射率资料后,模式对500 hPa环流形势和200 hPa高空急流均有较好的模拟效果,从而模式对沙尘分布范围的模拟能力也有较好的改善,但对沙尘天气强度的模拟略有增强。这不仅说明PM10和ASMU辐射率资料的使用对于提高沙尘暴过程模拟效果是可行的、必要的,而且也为这两种资料用于沙尘暴预报奠定了一定基础。     

Assimilation of All-sky Geostationary Satellite Infrared Radiances for Convection-Permitting Initialization and Prediction of Hurricane Joaquin (2015)

Intensity forecasting is one of the most challenging aspects of tropical cyclone(TC) forecasting. This work examines the impact of assimilating high-resolution all-sky infrared radiance observations from geostationary satellite GOES-13 on the convection-permitting initialization and prediction of Hurricane Joaquin(2015) with an ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF)based on the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. Given that almost all operational global and regional models struggled to capture Hu...