地表温度反演的数值方法

陆地表面温度(LST)是区域和全球尺度上陆地表面物理过程的一个关键参数,它综合了地表和大气相互作用以及能量交换的结果。研究地表温度对全球能量平衡的研究有着重要的意义。地表温度反演以地表热辐射传输方程为基础,直接求解辐射传输方程是不可能的,也就是说它是不适定的。因此要采用一系列的数值计算方法来求解。主要介绍了几种方程解算的非线性数值方法,并阐述了其大致过程及优缺点。     

适用于遥感应用的辐射传输高精度快速计算方法

准确的散射辐射方向特征与辐射传输能量守恒的物理要求是一切算法的有效性准则。在有限计算资源的限制下,寻找最优的有限展开算法,获得能量守恒物理要求下的散射方向特征的准确性,是多年来辐射传输算法的追求目标。在以有限流数离散化辐射传输方程进行数值求解过程中,要保证数值计算中的积分守恒,流数有限要求粒子散射相函数必须截断,而不合适的截断容易导致解的误差,尤其是当大气中存在强前向散射的大粒子时（如云滴、沙尘暴事件过后的沙尘）,截断的相函数会出现振荡,从而导致解的虚假振荡特性。散射相函数无限扩展可以消除这种虚假振荡,但容易导致数值积分能量不守恒和解的不稳定。本文从原理上对这种虚假振荡和不稳定现象进行了分析,并给出两种用较少流数达到较高的计算精度的高效计算方法,这些算法对于遥感方法研究、GCM气候模式中辐射强迫的参数化研究以及地气系统的能量收支研究,尤其是目前研究较多的云和沙尘等大粒子气候效应有重要意义。     

光学有效载荷高精度绝对辐射定标技术研究

随着多波段、多平台、高光谱分辨率遥感仪器的迅速发展,要求光谱辐射定标技术具有前所未有的高精度和长期测量稳定性。目前,传统辐射定标方法的精度已逐渐难以满足定量遥感应用的需求。本文提出了一种新型基于辐亮度标准探测器的高精度光谱辐射定标先进方法和技术,由于该方法可直接溯源至低温绝对辐射计,其绝对精度和长期稳定性优于传统的基于标准光源法,是提高中国目前光学遥感器实验室、星上和场地替代定标精度的有效途径。该方法已两次成功应用于中国“FY-2”气象卫星04和05星发射前外场定标,实际应用效果表明,它能够有效提高中国卫星遥感器的外场定标精度,对改善中国当前卫星遥感器各阶段定标精度,具有潜在的应用价值。     

基于黑暗像元和大气透过率的遥感图像校正

介绍了黑暗像元法光学遥感图像大气校正的基本原理,并根据典型大气条件考虑了光谱的大气透过率分布,设计了一定大气条件下的自动光学遥感图像校正算法.通过对具体的图像模式进行的校正处理效果比较,在图像本身比较模糊的情况下,校正效果较好,而对于图像本身比较清晰的情况下,校正效果不明显,但色彩得到改进并更接近原始色彩,计算表明,在光学遥感图像校正要求不是特别高或者大气条件比较均匀的情况下,是一种仅靠图像信息本身即可进行大气校正的简单方便的方法,具有一定的实用价值.     

A self-sufficient approach for GERB cloudy radiance detection

Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) is the broadband radiometer onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) platform, launched at the end of August 2002 and still in commissioning phase. GERB data is planned to be used in many applications concerning Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) calculation. In order to evaluate the impact of clouds on ERB, a cloud detection is required and, at present, a cloud mask based on higher spatial and spectral resolution data acquired by Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI), the imager onboard the same MSG platform, is planned to be used in order to identify cloudy GERB soundings.As an alternative, a self-sufficient (only based on GERB data) method (OCA, the One-channel Cloudy-radiance-detection Approach) is proposed, as a time-saving and, probably, more suitable solution than the planned co-location approach.In this paper, preliminary results obtained by using several years of Meteosat data as well as GERB synthetic radiances (produced from Meteosat-7 observations) are presented. It is shown how results obtained by using GERB data alone can be comparable (and better in terms of number and spatial distribution of clear-sky GERB soundings identified) to the ones achieved if the co-location of a higher resolution cloud mask is used.     

Application of direct assimilation of ATOVS microwave radiances to typhoon track prediction

In order to solve the difficult problem of typhoon track prediction due to the sparsity of conventionaldata over the tropical ocean, in this paper, the No. 0205 typhoon Rammasun of 4-6 July 2002 is studiedand an experiment of the typhoon track prediction is made with the direct use of the Advanced TIROS-NOperational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) microwave radiance data in three-dimensional variational dataassimilation. The prediction result shows that the experiment with the ATOVS microwave radiance datacan not only successfully predict the observed fact that typhoon Rammasun moves northward and turnsright, but can also simulate the action of the fast movement of the typhoon, which cannot be simulated withonly conventional radiosonde data. The skill of the typhoon track prediction with the ATOVS microwaveradiance data is much better than that without the ATOVS data. The typhoon track prediction of theformer scheme is consistent in time and in location with the observation. The direct assimilation of ATOVSmicrowave radiance data is an available way to solve the problem of the sparse observation data over thetropical ocean, and has great potential in being applied to typhoon track prediction.     

卫星辐射率资料EnSRF同化及暴雨模拟应用

基于自主构建的WRF—EnSRF（Weather Researchand Forecasting—Ensemble Square—Root Filter）同化系统,同化了ATOVS（Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder）辐射率资料,以检验该系统同化卫星资料的能力及其在暴雨过程模拟中的效能。对2008年6月6—7日广东地区一次大暴雨过程进行了同化及数值模拟试验,结果表明,同化ATOVS辐射率资料得到的分析场,丰富了对流层高层的大气温度和对流层中低层的大气湿度信息,对风场也有一定的改进。控制试验和同化试验都较好地模拟出了降水的主要落区和发生时段,但控制试验对暴雨、大暴雨的雨区和雨强的模拟效果欠佳;相比而言,同化试验对强降水中心的位置、范围的模拟均有更好的反映,模拟的暴雨强度也与实际降水量级基本一致,同化改进效果明显。