武汉市日供水量与气象要素的相关分析

利用武汉市逐日供水量资料与温度、降水、日照等气象要素进行同步相关分析,选取相关性较高的气温作为预报因子,建立了日供水量的简易预测模型。     

云中积冰过程微物理参量演变规律的数值模拟

利用耦合Thompson参数化物理方案的WRF（weather research and forecasting）中尺度数值模式,对发生在2008/2009年和2009/2010年冬季恩施雷达站处三次积冰过程的边界层特征和云雾微物理量进行了模拟,并与实测结果进行了对比分析.模拟结果较好地反映了恩施雷达站上空多逆温影响的温度层结特征;云水质量浓度和云雾滴中值体积直径的模拟值与观测值的平均绝对误差分别为10-2g·m-3和3.8μm;恩施雷达站上空存在一个质量浓度为0.3g ·m-3左右的高值中心,其逐渐下移接地,给积冰过程带来充足水汽,且此时通常也有降雨出现.     

Influence of leaf water potential on diurnal changes in CO2 and water vapour fluxes

Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO₂ and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys) of heat, water and CO₂ fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured CO₂ and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57′ N, 116°36′ E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important. Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO₂ and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions.     

基于RS和USLE的红壤丘陵区小流域水土流失量估算

采用野外调查采样、室内分析测定、遥感(RS)技术、数学模型等研究方法,以湖南省资兴市东江水库上游光河桥小流域为例,计算出了美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE)中各单项因子值,对该流域水土流失量进行了估算.结果表明:该流域的土壤可蚀性因子(K值)介于0.14～0.42 t·hm2.h.hm-2.MJ-1.mm-1之间,平均为0.27 t·hm2.h.hm-2.MJ-1,mm-1,属于中等可侵蚀性土壤;土壤侵蚀模数在0 ～3 817 t·hm-2·a-1之间,平均侵蚀模数为78 t.hm-2.a-1,处于强度侵蚀等级,流域的土壤侵蚀量达到292 266 t·a-1.     

水资源开发利用引起的环境负效应——以玛纳斯河流域为例

通过对玛纳斯河流域环境负效应研究,确定了水资源开发利用过程中引起环境负效应的制约因子,引入地下水动态均衡方法进行半定量分析,明确地下水量的变化为引起环境负效应的直接因素,为定量进行水资源综合开发与利用、防止环境负效应的产生提供方法和依据。     

煤层底板水害防治智能决策支持系统框架构建

煤层底板突水是华北型煤田煤矿生产过程中一种常见的水害类型,为解决水害防治工程的科学决策问题,进一步提高防治水工程的可靠性,提出构建智能决策支持系统的技术思路。智能决策支持系统是传统决策支持系统与人工智能技术相互融合的产物,在分析底板水害防治决策支持功能需求的基础上,提出“数据-模型-方案”一体化设计流程,从数据导入、模型驱动、智能决策等3个层次构建底板水害防治智能决策支持系统的基本框架。将模型驱动层进一步细分为方法库、模型库、知识图谱构建3项专业化服务,模型库包括底板突水空间点预测模型、疏水降压数值模拟模型、注浆改造工程可靠性分析模型、隔离工程设计模型及底板水害监测预警模型。系统最终输出的决策方案包括底板突水危险性分区、疏水降压Q-t-s方案、区域注浆改造设计及工程可靠性评价、隔离工程设计、底板突水监测预警警情发布。系统通过注浆过程的反馈-控制、突水监测预警的深度学习、疏水降压方案的动态优化等实现其智能决策。智能决策支持系统将会在煤层底板水害防治可靠性保障方面提供新的技术支撑。     

地表水中总有机碳含量测定的优化研究与应用

利用multi N/C3100型总有机碳/总氮分析仪直接测定环境水样中的总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量,简便快捷,但是能否完全去除无机碳,这对结果的准确性有一定影响。文章研究了不同吹扫时间对环境水样中TOC测定值的影响,对南京市湖泊水TOC含量进行连续6天测定。结果表明:吹扫时间为4 min时,无机碳去除完全,方法的检出限为0.05 mg/L,准确度及精密度均可满足日常生产需要。总有机碳分析仪直接测定环境水样中的总有机碳含量,简便快捷,灵敏度高,重复性好,准确可靠,适用于环境水样中总有机碳的日常测定。     

Predicting the dependency of a degree of saturation on void ratio and suction using effective stress principle for unsaturated soils

The paper presents an approach to predicting variation of a degree of saturation in unsaturated soils with void ratio and suction. The approach is based on the effective stress principle for unsaturated soils and several underlying assumptions. It focuses on the main drying and wetting processes and does not incorporate the effects of hydraulic hysteresis. It leads to the dependency of water retention curve (WRC) on void ratio, which does not require any material parameters apart from the parameters specifying WRC for the reference void ratio. Its validity is demonstrated by comparing predictions with the experimental data on four different soils taken over from the literature. Good correlation between the measured and predicted behaviour indirectly supports applicability of the effective stress principle for unsaturated soils. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.