黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹历时性分析

历时性旅游废弃物演化规律及生态影响研究是制定旅游地可持续发展战略的基础性工作。以生态足迹理论为基础,利用1979—2018年相关统计资料与团队实地调研数据,对黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹的长时间序列动态变化进行特征研究。结果表明（：1）黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹演变具有明显的阶段性特征,共分为1979—1987年持续上升、1988—1996年小范围浮动式下降、1997—2005年剧烈振荡以及2006—2018年趋于稳定四个阶段。（2）黄山风景区旅游废弃物生态足迹的来源及构成占比随着当地垃圾处理方式及污染防治措施的变化而变化。其中,固体垃圾的足迹占比最多且达到52.18%～97.99%,并从显性与隐性两方面对当地生态环境产生影响。（3）随着黄山风景区旅游经济增长,区域资源利用效益持续升高,环境质量稳定改善,始终处于可持续发展状态。（4）黄山风景区的实践表明成熟的环境管理体制和不断改进的卫生治理措施可将旅游废弃物造成的生态影响控制在一定范围之内,从而为其他山岳型景区可持续发展提供有益参考。     

东营市胜利油田工矿废弃地调查与整治潜力分析

当前,城市的快速扩张导致建设用地供需矛盾日益突出,油田工矿废弃地整治作为土地综合整治规划的重要组成部分,在建设用地指标转移、有效耕地面积增加、生态环境改善等方面可以起到积极的作用。因此,为查清东营市胜利油田工矿废弃地的复垦利用潜力,首先对石油开采对土地利用的影响进行了综述,在此基础上确定了胜利油田工矿废弃地的基本类型,进而对工矿废弃地的现状进行了调查,依据废弃地所在区域的规划用途、灌溉条件、排水条件,盐碱程度、区位条件进行了潜力分区和测算,最终获得了东营市胜利油田工矿废弃地潜力测算的相关数据,可以为该区域工矿废弃地的整治及建设用地、耕地指标的流转与保护提供参考依据。     

Analysis of the FEBEX multi‐barrier system including thermoplasticity of unsaturated bentonite

Deep geological repository involving a multibarrier system constitutes one of the most promising options for isolating high‐level radioactive waste from the human environment. To certify the efficiency of waste isolation, it is essential to understand the behaviour of confining geomaterial under a variety of environmental conditions. To this end, results from a near‐to‐real experiment, the full‐scale engineered barriers in situ experiment, are studied by means of a thermo–hydro–mechanical finite element approach, including a consistent thermoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils. Laboratory tests are simulated to calibrate model parameters. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with sensor measurements and show the ability of the model to reproduce the main behavioural features of the system. The influence of the hysteretic and temperature‐dependent retention of water on the mechanical response is exhibited. Finally, those results are interpreted in the light of thermoplasticity of unsaturated soils, which reveals the highly coupled and non‐linear characters of the processes encountered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactions of aquaculture and waste disposal in the coastal zone

Throughout the world, the coastal zones of many countries are used increasingly for aquaculture in addition to other activities such as waste disposal. These activities can cause environmental problems and health problems where they overlap. The interaction between aquaculture and waste disposal, and their relationship with eutrophication are the subjects of this paper. Sewage discharge without adequate dispersion can lead to nutrient elevation and hence eutrophication which has clearly negative effects on aquaculture with the potential for toxic blooms. Blooms may be either toxic or anoxia-causing through the decay process or simply clog the gills of filter-feeding animals in some cases. With the development of aquaculture, especially intensive aquaculture, many environmental problems appeared, and have resulted in eutrophication in some areas. Eutrophication may destroy the health of whole ecosystem which is important for sustainable aquaculture. Sewage discharge may also cause serious public health problems. Filter-feeding shellfish growing in sewage-polluted waters accumulate micro-organims, including human pathogenic bacteria and viruses, and heavy metal ion, presenting a significant health risk. Some farmed animals may also accumulate heavy metals from sewage. Bivalves growing in areas affected by toxic algae blooms may accumulate toxins (such as PSP, DSP) which can be harmful to human beings.     

矿山废石淋溶对水环境的影响

为了研究废石堆砌对水环境的影响,通过对废石做淋溶实验,分析了出入水的水质变化规律,对废石衍生环境效应的过程、机制、影响因素方面进行讨论,揭示了人们容易忽视的酸性水中硫酸根、总硬度、微量金属离子的动力学变化机理,指出矿山废石对水环境的污染不至限于使水质酸化,硫酸根、总硬度也会大幅度提高,废石堆放应充分考虑当地的地理气候及水文条件,合理堆放,减少污染。     

填埋场单井注气气体压力监测试验及预测模型

确定填埋场注气过程中气体压力分布特征可为好氧通风工程提供关键技术和理论支撑。以现场单井注气试验为依托,在渗流力学理论的基础上,开展了不同注气强度条件下气体压力分布监测试验,分析了注气过程中气体压力的径向分布特征,推导了注气条件下垃圾土体内部以解析解形式表达的气体压力预测（analytical gas pressure prediction,简称AGPP）模型;结合现场气体压力监测结果,构建了以注气井压力为核心参数的经验公式形式的气体压力预测（empiricalgaspressure prediction,简称EGPP）模型。试验结果表明：低压注气强度也可以达到良好的注气效果,在较短时间内可以让气体充满注气井周围;通过现场监测数据与AGPP模型、EGPP模型的对比,初步验证了两种模型的可靠性。以上成果为预测和评估好氧通风过程中垃圾填埋场气体压力分布提供了新方法。     

混合型缓冲材料砌块渗透性及其各向异性研究

缓冲材料砌块具备良好的防渗性能,是保证高放废物处置库封闭性的关键。缓冲材料砌块经单轴加载挤压成型,块体尺寸大,测试与评价其渗透性能的均匀性和各向异性,对缓冲屏障设计具有重要价值。研究制备不同干密度的混合型缓冲材料砌块,定向切割获得砌块内部不同位置、不同方向的小试样,开展刚性壁和柔性壁渗透试验,综合评价了混合型缓冲砌块不同方向的水力传导系数。研究结果表明：砌块干密度越大,砌块的水力传导系数越低。所有砌块的水力传导系数均处于10?10 cm/s数量级,沿砌块z、?、r方向的水力传导系数基本相等,表明砌块渗透性具有良好的均匀性和各向同性,且满足高放缓冲材料防渗要求。两种试验方法获得的渗透结果差异较小,柔性壁渗透条件下砌块产生10%～20%的体积膨胀,导致其水力传导系数略大于刚性壁下的平行试样。引入CT试验,分析了渗透前后砌块的微观特性变化。试验证实,在饱和渗透之后,以CT值显示的砌块密度分布趋于均匀,砌块内部存在的微裂隙愈合消失。     

硫代硫酸钠沉淀法富集铜冶炼废酸中铼的实验研究

白银有色集团铜业公司冶炼废酸量每年约为1×105m3,其中铼含量为5~70 mg/L,为综合利用废酸中的铼,采用硫代硫酸钠作为特效沉淀剂,对该沉淀剂加入量、反应时间、反应温度以及废酸中铼含量对铼沉淀率的影响做了较系统的实验研究,得到较优化的沉淀条件。进一步的中试放大实验取得了良好的技术指标:富铼渣泥中含铼达1.66%,铼的回收率达到99.8%。在此基础上,对沉淀剂的氧化还原反应机理进行了探讨。本方法工艺简单,铼沉淀率高,环境友好,较适用于废酸中铼的高效提取。     

The fate of waste in Hawaii: Technology assessment and solid waste planning in Hawaii, 1968–78

In this article I consider the initial period of solid waste management planning in the US state of Hawaii. The State encountered a number of economic and ecological controversies during its solid waste management planning, a process that was prompted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some issues, like project financing, were common across the US, while others, such as the potential of waste materials to reduce reliance on imported food and materials, were more unique to Hawaii. The controversies from this initial planning period were never quite fully resolved; as they lingered, they were interpreted differently across the Islands. Based on a close reading of government, advocacy group, waste industry and news media documents, I examine the controversies over solid waste management of the time and consider how the ‘dual nature’ of waste in Hawaii—simultaneously an ecological threat and (potential) economic input—shaped the adoption of solid waste management systems there. This article adds to an expanding literature examining infrastructure in environmental and technology histories.     

陕北油气田开发中水资源综合利用

通过对陕北工业用水短缺、大量污水无序排放的调查。研究了造成陕北严重缺水的原因，发现化工废水难以净化后供人们生活使用。但通过去重金属离子后可用于油田注水开发。炼油厂废水与油田产出水按不同比例混合处理后，根据不同油田储层物性进行回注采油。结果表明，处理后的污水适应于不同地质特征的产层。这即解决陕北特低渗油层注水的水敏性问题，同时也使大量污水得到充分利用，具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。