Computer estimation of intensities: The 1985 Berhida,Hungary, earthquake

In this paper a computerized method for the intensity estimation from macroseismic observations is presented. The successive steps of the MSK intensity scale (2° to 10°) receives weights according to the observations marked on the earthquake questionnaires. These weights are summed for the individual scale steps. The distribution of these summed weights and their relation to an experimentally chosen function of the criterion make it possible to estimate the appropriate intensity value and its reliability. By computer evaluation of earthquake reports an objective comparison of estimated intensities given by different seismologists can be made, provided that uniform earthquake questionnaires are used. The application of this method will result in more homogeneous intensity data.     

论现代历史地理学的时间特性

历史地理学的发展经历了漫长的时间历程,现代历史地理学的研究具有动态的,整个人类发展过程有以及“过去”、“现在”和“未来”统一的历史时间观念。现代历史地理学的时间系统包括精确时间与模糊时间,动态时间和静态时间,自然时间与社会的时间等。     

AN E – ε – ℓ TURBULENCE CLOSURE SCHEME FOR PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER MODELS: THE NEUTRALLY STRATIFIED CASE

The standard E – model generates aplanetary boundary layerthat appears to be much too deep. The cause of theproblem is traced to the equation for the dissipationrate () of turbulent kinetic energy (E), specifically theparameterization of dissipation production anddestruction. In the context of atmosphericboundary-layer modelling, we argue that a part of thedissipation production should be modelled as the inputto the spectral cascade from the energy-containingpart of the spectrum, with a characteristic length , while the equilibrium imbalancebetween local production and destruction ofdissipation is modelled as proportional toE2/E, as in the standard model. Wepropose an E – – turbulence closurescheme, in which both the mixing length, m, and are prescribed. The importance ofthe equation is diminished, though itstill determines the dissipation rate in the Eequation.     

Review of Methods for Simulating Land Surface Temperature at the Pixel Scale Based on Ground Measurements over Heterogeneous Surface

Remotely sensed Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a key parameter for studying the global climate changes and the exchanges of water and energy. Acquiring LST accurately is important to diagnose the change of environment on earth. Quantifying the uncertainty of remotely sensed LST is the first step of its application. However, due to the difficulties in obtaining the ground truth of LST at the pixel scale, it is difficult to validate the remotely sensed LST. Here, methods for simulating the LST at the pixel scale based on ground measurements over heterogeneous area were reviewed. From the way to construct the ground scene, these methods were classified into three types, including the Modified Geometric Projection model (MGP), realistic structural three-dimensional model, and other model. The advantages and disadvantages of these models were examined and compared. Finally, some issues in simulating LST at the pixel scale over heterogeneous area needed to be solved and on-going directions in the future were summarized.     

黄土区切沟对不同植被下土壤水分时空变异的影响

为掌握切沟对土壤水分时空变异的影响,选取水蚀风蚀交错区两个典型切沟样点为研究对象。采用时间序列分析和经典统计学方法,从土壤水分时间变化特征和空间分布格局两方面探讨。结果表明:距沟道不同距离下土壤储水量差异明显。300 cm处样点可作为测定尺度下土壤储水量平均值。土壤水分在垂直方向上的变异受植被特征影响,沟道影响较小。坡面土壤储水量的空间分布呈现不同的分布格局。坡顶风速大,土壤水分蒸发快,坡中处土壤储水量最高,为949.9 mm,距切沟越近土壤水分快速散失,坡下土壤水分接近4%,亏缺严重。杏树地土壤储水量远高于柠条地,柠条地土壤储水量分布较为单一。土壤蒸发、植被、沟道等因素使得坡面土壤水分分布更加复杂。     

羽毛还是鳞片

简要介绍了羽毛的结构、类型、发育过程、起源及早期演化,讨论了"单根管状羽毛"的性质,指出这种管状结构不是羽毛,而是高度变形的特化鳞片。尽管羽毛与爬行动物的鳞片同源,而且羽毛是由恐龙身上的鳞片演变而来,但关键在于小囊领的分异和羽枝脊的出现与否。也就是说,在形态结构上,如果表皮的角质化衍生物出现了羽根和羽小枝,就应该将其称为羽毛,未发生这种分异的结构应当归于高度变形的特化鳞片。同时还讨论了德国法兰克福圣肯堡自然历史博物馆收藏的带纤维状结构的鹦鹉嘴龙和俄罗斯西伯利亚发现的植食性恐龙(Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus),认为二者发育的纤维状结构或羽毛状结构不是羽毛,而是高度变形的特化鳞片,并不存在鳞片与羽毛共生的现象。就目前的材料而言,羽毛仅限发育于兽脚类恐龙中,并不是所有的恐龙均发育羽毛。     

Parameterization of Sheared Entrainment in a Well-developed CBL.Part Ⅱ:A Simple Model for Predicting the Growth Rate of the CBL

Following the parameterization of sheared entrainment obtained in the companion paper, Liu et al. (2016), the present study aims to further investigate the characteristics of entrainment, and develop a simple model for predicting the growth rate of a well-developed and sheared CBL. The relative stratification, defined as the ratio of the stratification in the free atmosphere to that in the entrainment zone, is found to be a function of entrainment flux ratio (A _e). This leads to a simple expression of the entrainment rate, in which A _e needs to be parameterized. According to the results in Liu et al. (2016), A _e can be simply expressed as the ratio of the convective velocity scale in the sheared CBL to that in the shear-free CBL. The parameterization of the convective velocity scale in the sheared CBL is obtained by analytically solving the bulk model with several assumptions and approximations. Results indicate that the entrainment process is influenced by the dynamic effect, the interaction between mean shear and environmental stratification, and one other term that includes the Coriolis effect. These three parameterizations constitute a simple model for predicting the growth rate of a well-developed and sheared CBL. This model is validated by outputs of LESs, and the results show that it performs satisfactorily. Compared with bulk models, this model does not need to solve a set of equations for the CBL. It is more convenient to apply in numerical models.     

Parameterization of sheared entrainment in a well-developed CBL. Part I: Evaluation of the scheme through large-eddy simulations

The entrainment flux ratio A _e and the inversion layer (IL) thickness are two key parameters in a mixed layer model. A _e is defined as the ratio of the entrainment heat flux at the mixed layer top to the surface heat flux. The IL is the layer between the mixed layer and the free atmosphere. In this study, a parameterization of A _e is derived from the TKE budget in the firstorder model for a well-developed CBL under the condition of linearly sheared geostrophic velocity with a zero value at the surface. It is also appropriate for a CBL under the condition of geostrophic velocity remaining constant with height. LESs are conducted under the above two conditions to determine the coefficients in the parameterization scheme. Results suggest that about 43% of the shear-produced TKE in the IL is available for entrainment, while the shear-produced TKE in the mixed layer and surface layer have little effect on entrainment. Based on this scheme, a new scale of convective turbulence velocity is proposed and applied to parameterize the IL thickness. The LES outputs for the CBLs under the condition of linearly sheared geostrophic velocity with a non-zero surface value are used to verify the performance of the parameterization scheme. It is found that the parameterized A _e and IL thickness agree well with the LES outputs.     

Trimble S6超站仪在大比例尺地形图检验中的应用研究

超站仪是将全站仪与GNSS整合在一起的新型测量设备,使用超站仪测量,无须控制点,利用CORS系统和似大地水准面精化模型,采用GNSS RTK技术获取测站点坐标和高程,并按全站仪功能进行地形要素采集。本文以Trimble S6超站仪为研究对象,在大比例尺地形图测绘成果质量检验应用中提高了检验效率,实现了检验智能化。     

基于网络环境的虚拟展览馆建设方法探讨

结合甘肃省测绘地理信息应用成果与地图展览馆建设实际,就展馆和展厅设计、场馆建模、展馆平台设计和实现方法进行了深入探讨,总结出了基于三维全景和Flash技术,建立网上虚拟展馆的总体思路、技术架构、设计方法和实现技术路线及方法。