长江河口拦门沙河床淤积和泥沙再悬浮过程

利用近２０年来长江河口所观测的地形、水文、悬沙和河床沉积物资料,着重对１９８８、１９８９、１９９６和１９９７年最新观测资料进行计算分析。结果表明,长江河口航道拦门沙河段来水沙量大,潮流作用强,潮波变形明显,水流挟沙力强。该河段潮流速随时间和空间变化,又处在盐淡水交换地带,流域和海域来沙在此河率时淤时冲,悬沙与床沙交换频繁,表现在涨急、落急时可床淤积层泥沙再次起动悬浮,憩流时只河床,在一个潮周期中含     

洋浦湾南浅滩-深槽-拦门沙近40年冲淤变化分析

本文根据1965、1984、1999和2005的海图对比分析, 探讨了洋浦湾深槽、南浅滩以及口外拦门沙的冲淤变化, 得出: 1)1965—1984年之间, 南浅滩呈淤涨之势, 其西南部最大淤涨距离可达640m; 1984—1999年南浅滩出现了侵蚀, 这主要是由于洋浦湾波浪以及沿岸流的作用引起的; 1999—2005年, 靠近口门附近的南浅滩出现淤涨现象, 主要是由于洋浦湾口门附近水动力的影响作用; 但是目前整体基本上处于稳定的阶段。2)洋浦深槽段呈现出不同程度的西边坡淤涨, 东边坡侵蚀后退, 深泓断面缩窄、淤浅及东偏的趋势, 特别是剖面5的变化比较复杂,值得关注。3)口外拦门沙近几十年来呈现出不同的时空冲淤变化, 但是以淤积为主, 1965—2005年拦门沙总的淤积厚度达到1m左右, 但随着泥沙补给的减少, 这种淤积趋势也随着减少。     

台风“麦莎”对大连地区造成暴雨的分析

选取登路北上,在大连地区造成强降水的热带气旋0509"麦莎",对其影响大连地区期间的环境流场、路径特征及物理量场进行诊断分析。结果表明,稳定的副热带高压及非纬向高空急流与低空急流的耦合,使来自东南洋面的丰沛水汽不断输送到大连地区,且有利于"麦莎"的北上。"麦莎"在北上过程中,没有从中纬度西风槽获得斜压能量,并没有变性加强。同时,借助于卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料,分析"麦莎"暴雨的中小尺度系统,结果表明导致大连地区强降水的主要系统是两个中-β尺度系统,暴雨落区在"麦莎"的东北侧。     

一种基于分割图斑的海岸带遥感图像分类方法

传统的基于象元的分类方法在处理海岸带这类动态多变、混杂度大的地物时常出现“椒盐现象”,难以矢量化形成专题图。提出了一种新的遥感图像分类方法——基于分割图斑的分类法,即选择一个合适的尺度,利用光谱信息按照一定的策略将图像分割为一系列的图斑,并确保图斑内大多数象元的光谱特征相近,分别对图斑内诸象元进行统计,求出各个波段的均值,用该均值替换图斑内所有象元的原始亮度值,这样分类时可以确保同一图斑内的所有象元被分到同一个类别中,从而有效地避免了“椒盐现象”,使分类结果便于矢量化成图,也便于对特定地物的提取。实验结果表明,该方法还能在一定程度上提高分类精度。     

Scales of predator detection behavior and escape in Fissurella limbata: A field and laboratory assessment

The consumptive effects of predators are widely acknowledged, but predation can also impact prey populations through non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) such as costly antipredator behavioral responses. The magnitude of antipredator behavioral responses by prey is determined by an assessment of risk using sensory cues, which in turn is modulated by the environmental context. We studied the detection behavior and escape response of the keyhole limpet Fissurella limbata from the predatory sea star Heliaster helianthus. Through laboratory and field experimental trials, we quantified the distance and time of predator detection behavior by the prey, and measured their active escape responses when elicited. We found that predator detection by the limpet was chiefly mediated by distance, with experimental individuals capable of detecting predator presence effectively up to distances of at least 50 cm in the field and 70 cm under laboratory conditions. Our results indicate that this prey species is able to evaluate the proximity of its predator and use it as an indication of predation risk; therefore, predator–prey distance appears to be a primary predictor of the magnitude of the antipredator response. Given the tight relationship between predator distance and prey movement and the important role herbivores can play, particularly in this ecosystem, we expect that NCEs will cascade to the patterns of abundance and composition of rocky shore communities through changes in prey foraging behavior under risk.     

极地低压对费拉姆海峡大西洋入流水天气尺度变化的影响

The Atlantic inflow in the Fram Strait(78°50′N) has synoptic scale variability based on an array of moorings over the period of 1998–2010. The synoptic scale variability of Atlantic inflow, whose significant cycle is 3–16 d, occurs mainly in winter and spring(from January to April) and is related with polar lows in the Barents Sea. On the synoptic scale, the enhancement(weakening) of Atlantic inflow in the Fram Strait is accompanied by less(more)polar lows in the Barents Sea. Wind stress curl induced by polar lows in the Barents Sea causes Ekman-transport,leads to decrease of sea surface height in the Barents Sea, due to geostrophic adjustment, further induces a cyclonic circulation anomaly around the Barents Sea, and causes the weakening of the Atlantic inflow in the Fram Strait. Our results highlight the importance of polar lows in forcing the Atlantic inflow in the Fram Strait and can help us to further understand the effect of Atlantic warm water on the change of the Arctic Ocean.     

基于经验模态分解和小波分解估算海气通量涡相关计算中的截断时间尺度

基于时长38天的海表风场实测数据,应用经验模态分解(EmpiricalModeDecomposition,EMD)和小波分解(Wavelet Decomposition, WD)这两种数据处理方法首先对涡相关法中的截断时间尺度(CutoffTimescale,CTS)进行估算,结果显示:基于EMD与WD方法估算出的CTS一般都在40秒左右(EMD的结果略小),远远小于传统涡相关法中CTS的取值(固定为10分钟),且EMD和WD的使用使得每一段数据都能够根据自身的湍流特点而获得合适的CTS; EMD方法和WD方法有效的去除了计算结果中的非湍部分,且对通量传输方向的刻画也更加合理,极大提高了通量的计算精度,所得通量与传统方法计算的通量偏差平均值高达45%;研究还对EMD和WD的优缺点进行了对比分析,结果表明EMD相比于WD有更高的自主性,而WD对信号的分离程度则更高。     

发现于我国渤海辽东湾的海洋甲藻新种-渤海异冒藻(Heterocapsa bohaiensis sp. nov.)

A small armed dinoflagellate bloomed in the aquaculture ponds off the coast of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea of China,resulting in heavy mortalities of the cultured prawns(Penaeus japonicus) and larvae of Chinese mitten handed crabs(Eriocheir sinensis). The bloom-forming species was successfully isolated, and cellular morphology of the specimen was consequently investigated through light, fluorescent and electron microscopy. The small((14.4±1.6) μm in length) ellipsoid cells show typical Heterocapsa thecal plate arrangement(Po, cp, 5′, 3 a, 7′′, 6 c,5 s, 5′′′, 2′′′′). The episome is evidently bigger than the hyposome. One to three spherical pyrenoids are located above or beside the large elongated nucleus. The body scale is characterized by a triangle basal plate with one central upright and nine peripheral spines. Above all, Heterocapsa bohaiensis could be distinguished from other Heterocapsa species by the combination of the cell size, morphology, cellular structure and body scale. Sequence analyses of both ITS and LSU regions reveal the significant genetic divergence between H. bohaiensis and other established species in this genus, further supporting novelty of this species. Noticeably, different sample treatment methods resulted in morphological variation of the apical pore complex(APC) of H. bohaiensis, which needs to be taken into account in future study.     

Temporal electronic structure of non-resonant Raman excited virtual state of P-nitroaniline by 514 nm excitation via bond polarisabilities

We have studied the temporal bond polarisabilities of para-nitroaniline from the Raman intensities by the algorithm proposed by Wu et al. in 1987 (Tian B, Wu G, Liu G 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 7300). The bond polarisabilities provide much information concerning the electronic structure of the non-resonant Raman excited virtual state. At the initial moment by the 514.5 nm excitation, the tendency of the excited electrons (mapped out by the bond polarisabilities) is to spread to the molecular periphery, and the electronic structure of the Raman virtual state is close to the pseudo-quinonoidic state. When the final stage of relaxation is approached, the bond polarisabilities of those peripheral bonds relax faster than those closer to the molecular core, the phenyl ring. The molecule is in the benzenoidic form as demonstrated by the bond polarisabilities after relaxation.     

Dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics in the North Sea: A time series analysis (1995–2005)

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) dynamics in the North Sea was explored by means of long-term time series of nitrogen parameters from the Dutch national monitoring program. Generally, the data quality was good with little missing data points. Different imputation methods were used to verify the robustness of the patterns against these missing data. No long-term trends in DON concentrations were found over the sampling period (1995–2005). Inter-annual variability in the different time series showed both common and station-specific behavior. The stations could be divided into two regions, based on absolute concentrations and the dominant times scales of variability. Average DON concentrations were 11 μmol l⁻¹ in the coastal region and 5 μmol l⁻¹ in the open sea. Organic fractions of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) averaged 38 and 71% in the coastal zone and open sea, respectively, but increased over time due to decreasing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations. In both regions intra-annual variability dominated over inter-annual variability, but DON variation in the open sea was markedly shifted towards shorter time scales relative to coastal stations. In the coastal zone a consistent seasonal DON cycle existed with high values in spring–summer and low values in autumn–winter. In the open sea seasonality was weak. A marked shift in the seasonality was found at the Dogger Bank, with DON accumulation towards summer and low values in winter prior to 1999, and accumulation in spring and decline throughout summer after 1999. This study clearly shows that DON is a dynamic actor in the North Sea and should be monitored systematically to enable us to understand fully the functioning of this ecosystem.