A primary study of the variations of vertical radiation with the Beijing 325-m Meteorological Tower

The Beijing 325-m Meteorological Tower (325MT) is used to observe the vertical variation of solar radiation. Results of the experiments indicate that the automatic radiation monitoring system, including a sun tracker and data collection system, works well and all the specifications meet WMO observation standards. The measurement data show that there is a significant radiation decrease from 320m to the surface, where the difference is only about 30Wm^-2 on light air-pollution days, while the maximum reaches about 110Wm^-2 when heavy pollution appears near the ground. The global UV radiation decreases on heavy air-pollution days and under poor visibility conditions, and the difference between 300m and 8m is larger than on clear days.     

东亚和西太平洋地区 30～60天振荡的传播及其与月平均基流的相互作用

选取1985年和1988年这两个东亚和西太平洋地区月平均流场差异很大的年份,研究30～60天低频振荡的传播及其与月平均基流的相互作用.结果表明:在这两年,东亚和西太平洋地区的30～60天低频振荡受到两支低频涡旋的影响,其中一支来源于热带东印度洋,另一支源自中太平洋.在大部分时间里,这两支低频涡旋相遇于20～30°N地区,并影响到该地区位势高度场的变化.当低频气旋(反气旋)移经西太平洋的时候,该地区的位势高度场相应地降低(升高).另一方面,该地区的30～60天振荡还有着显著的年际差异.1985年的波列活动显著,中高纬低频涡旋南移至日本南部洋面.与1985年不同的是,虽然1988年的波列活动不明显,但中高纬的低频涡旋可向南传播至南海地区.从30～60天振荡和月平均基流的动能和有效位能相互转换来看,正压过程、湿斜压过程和干斜压过程的值相当,因而上述3种过程均有可能起主导作用.但转换强度存在年际差异,1985年的值远比1988年的大.研究还表明,暖池地区的30～60天振荡向月平均基流输送能量,中高纬地区的30～60天振荡则从月平均基流获取能量.     

河北省城市热岛强度变化对区域地表平均气温序列的影响

按照大中城市站、城市站、国家基本/基准站与乡村站等类别,对河北省区域内55个气象站1961～2003年和1981～2003年时段月、季、年平均气温变化进行了对比分析.结果表明:近40年来,大中城市增温趋势最为显著,城市站、国家基本/基准站增温趋势较强,乡村站增温趋势最小,季节中以冬季增温为最大;城市热岛效应增强因素对大中城市站、城市站、国家基本/基准站年平均温度增加的份额分别占到44.7%、38.7%、39.7%.城市热岛效应增强因素对季节增暖的作用在夏秋季较大,冬季最小;近20年来各类台站增温趋势更加明显,但热岛增温效应对平均温度序列增温的相对贡献却在降低,说明近20年的迅速增温可能是由于大气环流和增强的温室效应引起的;近20年全省各类台站由于城市热岛效应引起的增温与1961～2003年整个时段相比表现不一,部分站城市热岛增温效应绝对量趋于增强,部分站城市热岛增温效应趋于弱化或消失.因此,城市热岛增温效应对台站和区域平均温度序列的影响比较复杂,它受到人口增长、城市化进程、乡村台站环境变化等多种因素的影响.     

城市热岛强度订正与供热量预报

利用公主坟自动气象站(供热区)和北京市观象台(郊区)间1997～2001年4个冬季逐月(11月～3月)逐日4次气温差值,研究了城市热岛变化特征,结合其他研究提出了北京市各供热区城市热岛强度订正原则和初步结果。对北京市2001～2002年采暖季的室内外气象-热力试验数据进行科学分析,求出不同环境温度条件下单位面积供热量模式,按此模式运行则存在较大节能空间。     

Numerical Simulation of Wind and Temperature Fields over Beijing Area in Summer

1. IntroductionThe basic role of urban-rural boundary layer re-search is to study all kinds of physical process changesin the atmosphere boundary layer over urban and itssurrounding areas. Urban heat island (UHI) is a well-known feature of urban-rural climate. Attempts toincrease the understanding of the causes of the UHIand other urban-rural boundary layer phenomena haveused observational, theoretical and modelling methodssince long before. Seaman (1989) used a hydrostaticmodel, with real …     

IMPACT STUDY ON THE CALCULATION OF VERTICAL VELOCITY IN DIFFERENT VERTICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS

1 INTRODUCTION First, let’s have a review of various vertical coordinate systems used in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Richardson[1] (1922) first attempted to use the geometrical height z as the vertical coordinate system. Though geometrical height is easy to understand as a concept, it had not been applied in NWP until Kasahara and Washington (1967) rewrote his predictive equations and used state-of-the-art high-speed computers to conduct NWP in height coordinates. Eliassen[2]…     

Methodological Development of the Conditional Sampling Method. Part II: Quality Control Criteria of Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Flux Measurements

Determination of biosphere–atmosphere exchanges requires accurate quantification of the turbulent fluxes of energy and of a wide variety of trace gases. Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) is a method that has received increasing attention in recent years, because it does not require any rapid sensor for the scalar measurements as the Eddy Correlation method (EC) does. As in all micrometeorological studies, REA measurements in the atmospheric surface layer are valid under some restrictive conditions so as to be representative of a specific ecosystem. These conditions are the homogeneity of the underlying surface, stationary and horizontally homogeneous turbulence. For most experiments these conditions are not fully satisfied. Data uncertainties can also be related to not fulfilling the method principles or to the technical characteristics of the REA system itself. In order to assess REA measurement quality, a methodological approach of data analysis is developed in this study. This methodological analysis is based on the establishment of criteria for data quality control. A set of them, deduced from the mean and turbulent flow, are called ‘Dynamic criteria’ and are designated to control the stationarity and homogeneity of the w function and the validation of Taylor’s hypothesis. A second set (‘REA operational criteria’) is designed to check the sampling process and, more precisely, the homogeneity of the negative and positive selection process throughout the sampling period. A third set of criteria (‘Chemical scalar criteria’) concerns the scalar measurements. Results of the criteria application to data measured at two different experimental sites are also presented. Cut-off limits of criteria are defined based on their statistical distribution and shown to be specific for each site. Strictness of each criterion, defined by the percentage of flagged samples, is analysed in conjunction with the meteorological conditions and atmospheric stability. It is found that flagged samples mainly correspond to neutral and stable nocturnal conditions. During daytime, nearly free convection conditions can also yield poor quality data.     

北太平洋风暴轴异常变化特征及其与纬向风场的关系研究

摘要本文通过对300 hPa5、00 hPa和850 hPa的北太平洋风暴轴(PST)的异常研究,分别提取出两个主异常模态进行比较。分析表明在三层的第一主模态都主要对应有PST异常的准10 a的周期变化;而对300 hPa和500 hPa的第二主模态,以及850 hPa的第三模态,对应有更长时间的趋势变化。进一步通过相关的分析,说明PST的异常从低层到高层的变化存在一定的一致性。通过PST与纬向风场在300 hPa的相关分析发现,两个模态与纬向风场的异常在空间上都呈同位相的分布,说明高层纬向风场异常与PST发展可能存在一种互相反馈的作用。进一步通过斜压增长率和水平两维的E-P通量矢的合成分析发现,这种反馈作用,无论从纬向风场异常所产生的环境斜压增长条件的改变,还是从平均动能与扰动动能的转化关系,都是存在的。     

空气动力学阻抗的测量研究

利用涡旋相关方法和蒸发皿方法分别测量了裸地和玉米田的空气动力学阻抗, 分析了空气动力学阻抗的日变化特征, 同时对两种测量方法进行了比较。结果表明:实测空气动力学阻抗的日变化比较明显, 但变化幅度不大 (0~200 s/m)。两种方法得到的空气动力学阻抗具有可比性, 但蒸发皿方法测量的空气动力学阻抗普遍小于涡旋相关方法的测量值。