Emplacement of the Ardara pluton (Ireland): new constraints from magnetic fabrics, rock fabrics and age dating

The Ardara pluton as part of the Donegal batholith was intruded into Neoproterozoic metasediments and metadolerites at mid-crustal levels. The emplacement mechanism of the Ardara granite is very controversial, and mechanisms ranging from diapirism, ballooning and stoping followed by nested diapirism have been proposed. Magnetic fabrics, rock fabrics and K/Ar dating of micas are used here to constrain the emplacement history. The compositional zoning of the Ardara pluton is clearly reflected in the different bulk magnetic susceptibilities between the outer quartz monzodiorite and the central granodiorite, whereas the intervening tonalite is of intermediate nature. The magnetic carriers are characterized by the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS), thermomagnetic measurements and through high field analyses (HFA). The separation of the ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic contributions revealed that biotite and magnetite control the AMS in the quartz monzodiorite. Both minerals are oriented in such a way that their summed contribution is constructive and originates from the shape fabric of magnetite and the texture of biotite. Biotite is responsible mainly for the AMS in the tonalite and granodiorite. The magnetic foliation can be directly related to the macroscopic foliation and also to the D4 structures in the country rocks. The foliation is consistent with the geometry of the roughly circular shape and has a mostly steep to vertical dip. Towards the central granodiorite the magnetic foliation dies out, although plagioclase texture measurements indicate a weak magmatic shape fabric. With the exception of the tail, the K_max axes (magnetic lineation) vary from steeply to gently plunging. The so-called lineation factor is approximately 1.01 and therefore points to a less significant axial symmetry. These observations coincide with strain estimates on mafic enclaves that show a very consistent pattern of K ∼0 flattening strain. Texture analyses of biotite and quartz additionally support the observations made by the strain analyses and the magnetic fabric data. Microstructural investigations give evidence that the fabrics are associated with the emplacement over a range of temperatures from truly magmatic to high-temperature solid-state conditions. The age of the intrusion is still under discussion, but a new cooling age was determined by K/Ar dating of biotite at 403.7±8 Ma corresponding to a temperature range between 450 and 300°C. For a mylonite along the southern contact between the Ardara pluton and the country rock a K/Ar muscovite age of 378.8±7 Ma indicates a minimum age for the shear zone when the Ardara pluton must have already been cooled down below 350±50°C. Received: 28 January 1999 / Accepted: 28 December 1999     

基于粒子群算法的组合模型在变形分析中的应用

在构建并联组合模型进行变形预测时,单项模型权值的确定是个关键问题。为了提高变形预测的精度,以基坑监测数据为例,采用GM(1,1)模型与ARMA模型进行组合,在拟合误差平方和最小的准则下,使用粒子群算法求解两单项模型的最优权值,进而构建并联组合模型进行变形预测。结果表明,该方法融合各单项模型的优势,可以提高预测精度,避免求解线性规划问题,具有较好的实用性。     

螺旋藻多糖对肿瘤细胞生长及Hela细胞早期凋亡作用的实验研究

采用MTT法(四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法)研究了钝顶螺旋藻多糖(PSP)对Hela细胞及HepG2细胞生长的抑制作用。结果表明,随PSP浓度及培养时间的增加,肿瘤细胞存活率逐渐降低,抑制率逐渐增加,以PSP40 mg/L作用72 h最为显著。应用Annexin V/PI双染色流式细胞仪检测了早期Hela细胞凋亡,未经PSP处理的正常Hela细胞凋亡细胞极少,经PSP处理的细胞,凋亡细胞的百分比明显高于正常对照组,其作用随着剂量的增加和时间的延长而增强,具有量效关系和时效关系。结果说明PSP的抗肿瘤机制,除了诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,还存在细胞毒性等其他机制,是多种机制共同作用的结果。     

亚热带马尼拉草坪生态系统CO_2净交换量测定方法比较

利用IRGA法和GC法,同步观测了3种天气(晴天、多云、阴天)条件下福州市江滨公园马尼拉草坪生态系统CO2净交换量(NEE)的白昼动态变化,比较IRGA法和GC法透明通量箱对观测样点环境的影响程度,并探讨其对NEE观测结果的影响.结果表明:在单次观测结束时,IRGA法通量箱对样点环境的扰动小于GC法,晴天白天二者箱内的平均升温分别为1.79℃和2.33℃,箱内平均光合有效辐射(PAR)降低幅度分别为11.00%和21.00%.3种天气情况下,IRGA法与GC法观测的NEE白天变化趋势较一致,但3种天气相同时段内GC法测定的NEE平均值比IRGA法高3.17μmol·m-2·s-1,二者的差异在中午最大,在清晨和傍晚较小.IRGA法比GC法可以更为准确地测量草坪NEE.     

Numerical estimation of REV and permeability tensor for fractured rock masses by composite element method

The Monte Carlo method is used to generate parent stochastic discrete fracture network, from which a series of fractured rock samples of different sizes and orientations are extracted. The fracture network combined with a regular grid forms composite element mesh of the fractured rock sample, in which each composite element is composed of sub‐elements incised by fracture segments. The composite element method (CEM) for the seepage is implemented to obtain the nodal hydraulic potential as well as the seepage flow rates through the fractured rock samples. The application of CEM enables a large quantity of stochastic tests for the fractured rock samples because the pre‐process is facilitated greatly. By changing the sizes and orientations of the samples, the analysis of the seepage characteristics is realized to evaluate the variation of the permeability components, the existence of the permeability tensor and the representative element volume. The feasibility and effectiveness are illustrated in a numerical example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Algorithm for Harmonic Tidal Analysis along T/P Tracks： Taking Differences of Observed Sea Surface Heights at Adjacent Points as Observations

An algorithm （differential mode） is presented for the improvement of harmonic tidal analysis along T/P tracks, in which the differences between the observed sea surface heights at adjacent points are taken as observations. Also, the observation equations are constrained with the results of the crossover analysis; the parameter estimations are performed at 0.1° latitude intervals by the least squares. Cycle 10 to 330 T/P altimeter data covering the China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean （2°-50° N,105°-150° E） are adopted for a refined along-track harmonic tidal analysis, and harmonic constants of 12 constituents in 8 474 points are obtained, which indicates that the algorithm can efficiently remove non-tidal effects in the altimeter observations, and improve the precision of tide parameters. Moreover, parameters along altimetry tracks represent a smoother distribution than those obtained by traditional algorithms. The root mean squares of the fitting errors between the tidal height model and the observations reduce from 11 cm to 1.3 cm.     

干湿气候区划研究进展

干湿气候区划是气候学、地理学、生态学和农学等学科的重要内容.自1900年以来,国内外学者在干湿气候等级、干湿气候区划指标及其计算方法等方面取得了长足的进展.本文综述了近100多年来国内外学者关于干湿气候区划指标、潜在蒸散量计算方法、干湿气候等级及其命名方法等方面的研究成果,提出了目前该领域存在的科学问题.     

模拟区域土地利用变化的多主体模型及其在鄱阳湖区的应用(英文)

在较大区域内,城市用地扩张和农村土地利用发展一般同步进行。为了能够正确理解这类区域内土地利用/土地覆被变化的动力机制,本研究开发了一个基于多主体系统的土地利用模型。模型将鄱阳湖区视为一个典型区域,利用有限扩散聚合算法模拟城市主体的行为,采用基于涌现理论的主体模型模拟农村土地利用。农村子模型包括多种类型的主体和环境影响层,其中最重要的是农户主体,农户主体可以根据自身条件和周围的环境影响参数确定下一步土地利用的决策,政府主体则通过实施不同的政策对土地利用进行宏观控制。我们根据农户总收入和外出务工人员比例将农户主体分为6类,每种类型的农户主体遵循不同的决策规则。结果表明,本模型的模拟结果与鄱阳湖区1985 – 2005年的土地利用/土地覆被变化趋势高度相符。尤其重要的是,模拟结果充分表明农户主体的土地利用决策与国家政策紧密相关。这表明本研究建立的基于多主体的土地利用模型是一种评估政府土地管理政策效果的有效手段。     

A Landsat-based evaluation of lake water clarity in Maine lakes

Temporal trends in water clarity and land-use/land-cover (LULC), as well as the relationship between changes in water clarity and LULC, were analyzed using water clarity values extracted from Landsat images from 1986 to 2008, acquired for east-central Maine. Of 40 lakes identified using satellite imagery, our analysis found one lake with a significant decrease in water clarity. In a second data-set, with 99 lakes, we identified two lakes with a significant increase in water clarity. Analyses of the relationship between temporal changes in the water clarity and LULC did not identify any clear, consistent, relationships between changes in the water quality variables and LULC. Overall, the results of this study aid in the identification of the relationship between water clarity and LULC, and identify temporal changes in water clarity. The findings of this study support the previous research that demonstrates the ability of satellite imagery to be used in assessments of water clarity, thus enabling evaluation at broader spatial scales and longer temporal scales than assessments that rely solely on ground-based data.     

40Ar/39Ar laser probe evidence concerning the age and associated hazards of the Lake Nyos Maar,Cameroon

The waters of Lake Nyos are impounded by a fragile natural dam composed of pyroclastic rocks ejected during the formation of the lake crater (maar). Lateral erosion of this dam has reduced its width from over 500 m to only 45 m. Published whole-rock K-Ar ages of about 100 ka on juvenile basalt from the dam suggests that erosion has been slow and that the dam poses no imminent threat. New apparent ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of 1.4 to 232 Ma on xenocrystic K-feldspar contained in the basalt show that the xenocrysts, whose source is the 528-Ma crystalline basement, are carriers of inherited radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar and would cause the whole-rock K-Ar ages to be too old. The best estimate for the age of the maar is provided by a ¹⁴C age of 400 ± 100 yr BP on charcoal from the base of the dam. This young age indicates that the dam is eroding at a relatively rapid rate; its failure, perhaps within a few decades, would result in a major flood and imperil thousands of people living downstream in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria.