从空间Poisson过程看蒋家沟泥石流

云南东川蒋家沟泥石流频率高,变化多.每场泥石流包含几十到几百个阵流,各阵流具有不同的密度、流体性质和运动形态,流量涨落达3个数量级.这些特征意味着泥石流具有很强的随机性.根据蒋家沟的演化分区和野外观测,可以发现泥石流形成于特殊的源地分支.土体活动(包括滑坡、崩塌和局部的土体流动等)随机发生在那些分支流域,如果认为各源地的土体活动是独立的,而且活动强度正比于源地的面积,那么泥石流的形成和汇流就是一个空间Poisson过程.其结果是阵流流量服从指数分布,这很好地符合蒋家沟的泥石泥观测数据.从蒋家沟泥石流的随机性可见,泥石流依赖于流域的特定源区及其分布,而不是笼统地取决于全流域的地貌或几何因子.     

右江谷地景观格局空间分异特性遥感研究

利用1986年和2006年获取的TM图像,在GIS技术支持下,运用景观生态学原理,选取反应景观空间结构和景观异质性的景观指数,以右江谷地典型区广西平果县为研究区,分析该区近20 a间的景观格局及其动态变化特征.结果表明,1986～2006年间,平果县土地利用变化总趋势是林地、未利用地和居民地面积增加,草地、耕地和水域面...     

阿尔金断裂带西段莫勒切河河口阶地的构造及气候意义

通过对阿尔金断裂带西段莫勒切河河口附近卫星影像解译、野外调查测量及地貌面样品年龄测定,利用宽谷阶地、堆积阶地获取构造隆升速率、构造变形方式及加积速率,并结合区域气候资料探讨该区阶地发育对气候变化的响应.莫勒切河出山口发育4级阶地(T<‘4>,T<‘3>,T<‘2>,T<‘1>),其中T<‘4>、T<‘3>为宽谷阶地,T...     

堆载预压下天津滨海吹填土的固结特性

吹填造陆已成为沿海地区解决土地匮乏的有效方法。为使吹填土迅速排水固结以缩短工期,以天津滨海新区的吹填土为研究对象,在无外力自重固结下,通过静水沉降以及室内试验等方法研究吹填土的基本性质和沉降特征,并对固结度、沉降速率进行定量分析,评价吹填土的固结程度,得出天津吹填土的固结和沉降特性。结果表明: 等幅水头逐级加压在一定程度上有效地抑制了低渗透性土体即“泥皮”的形成; 当水头高度为45 cm 时,土体固结度接近100%; 距离排水管越近,固结情况愈好; 堆积荷载增大,渗流速率变小,土体趋向固结。     

真空预压法加固吹填土的模型箱试验

大连大窑湾三期工程所处理的土体为含水率＞ 120% 的超软土。为研究超软土的处理方法,采用袋装沙井、滤膜等效孔径80 ～ 100 μm 和孔径＜ 75 μm 的3 种排水体,0. 4 m 及0. 8 m 的2 种排水间距,共计6 个试验箱进行真空预压法试验研究。通过对表面沉降形态进行沉降优化计算,采用3 种模型进行沉降预测,结合监测与计算结果,认为排水体间距为0. 4 m、等效孔径≤75 μm 的国产B 型排水板效果最佳。     

茶园沟流域三大支沟泥石流易发性综合评价

针对泥石流发生的复杂性和不确定性,运用模糊数学综合评价的方法,从人类活动、地质、地形和气象水文条件4个总目标和19个子目标,建立了泥石流易发性模糊综合评价模型.确定了目标因素等级及权重,对邱家沟,天须沟和长坡沟泥石流易发性进行了综合评价.结果表明,邱家沟泥石流易发性最大,天须沟次之,长坡沟最小.     

Relationships between high‐magnitude relative sea‐level changes and filling of a coarse‐grained submarine canyon (Pleistocene,Ionian Calabria,Southern Italy)

A middle Pleistocene coarse‐grained canyon fill succession (the Serra Mulara Formation) crops out in the northern sector of the Crotone Basin, a forearc basin located on the Ionian side of the Calabrian Arc and active from the Serravallian to middle Pleistocene. This succession is an example of coarse‐grained submarine canyon fill, which consists of a north‐west to south‐east elongated body (4·25 km long and up to 1·5 km wide) laterally confined by a deep‐water clayey and silty succession and located behind the modern Neto delta (north of Crotone). The thickness of the unit reaches 178 m. The lower part of the canyon fill is dominated by gravelly to sandy density‐flow deposits containing abundant bivalve and gastropod fragments, passing upward into a succession composed of metre‐scale to decimetre‐scale density‐flow deposits forming sandstone–mudstone couplets. Sandstone deposits are mostly structureless and planar‐laminated, whereas the clayey layers record hemipelagic deposition during quieter phases. This succession is overlain by another composed of thicker structureless sandstones alternating with layers of interlaminated mudstones and sandstones, which contain leaf remnants and fresh water ostracods, and are linked directly to river floods. The canyon fill is overlain by gravelly to sandy continental deposits recording a later stage of emergence. Facies analysis, together with micropalaeontological data from the hemipelagic units, suggests that the studied canyon fill records, firstly, a progressive gravel material cut‐off during deposition due to an overall relative sea‐level rise, leading to a progressive increase in the entrapment of sediment in fluvial to shallow‐marine systems, and secondly, a generalized relative sea‐level lowering. This trend probably reflects high‐magnitude glacio‐eustatic changes combined with the regional uplift of the region, ultimately leading to emergence.     

新疆金矿及其找矿远景分析

按金矿的集中分布区介绍了新疆１１个主要岩金产全区金矿的地质分布。成矿特征、控矿因素和矿床类型。对新疆金矿的找矿远景作出评估。认为新疆存在有利的金矿成矿条件，指出了找矿方向，提出了在新疆要重视对大型一特大型金矿研究。     

云南省元谋干热河谷的土壤抗旱力评价

根据土壤基本水分物理常数，将土壤水分蒸发划分为三个阶段，土壤水分累积蒸发量Ｑ与蒸发历时Ｔ具有：Ｑ＝ａＴ￣ｂ关系。不同土壤的蒸发能力不同，主要与土壤质地、结构等因素有关，同时不同土壤的抗旱力也有很大差异，土壤抗旱力由强至弱依次为：普通薄层土、变性燥红土、普通燥红土、表蚀干热的半干润变性土、表蚀燥红土。     

Chemical analysis of contaminated soil strengthened by the addition of lime

Strengthening of contaminated materials using inorganic cementitious agents is becoming more widely used in the UK. The method has particular advantages for bulk fill operations such as highway earthworks. Research has been done into the chemical characteristics of leachates and leached solid samples from a study into the long-term durability of a lime strengthened silt/pfa mixture amended with sewage sludge. This involved determinations of chemical composition and mineralogy, and geochemical modelling using . None of the heavy metals tested is present in the leachate at a concentration likely to pose a significant environmental threat, although some were present to a higher degree than expected based on the inorganic chemistry. This is ascribed to complexation of the heavy metals with dissolved organic matter.