强降雨条件下具有张裂缝边坡临界滑动场

降雨持时较长且雨强较大时,雨水的入渗不仅会增大孔隙水压力,且易使张裂缝充水形成静水压力,对边坡稳定不利。结合降雨条件下饱和-非饱和渗流分析,考虑降雨过程中的瞬态孔隙水压力场与瞬态强度场,并同时考虑张裂缝充水时的静水压力,对边坡临界滑动场法进行改进,提出降雨条件下具有张裂缝边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,且对其进行了验证。将该方法用于一个典型均质黏土边坡算例,结果表明,（1）文中方法可考虑张裂缝具体位置、深度及其充水状态下对边坡稳定性的影响,并能搜索出任意形状危险滑面,计算结果合理可靠;（2）降雨条件下张裂缝中静水压力对边坡稳定性及滑面形状有较大影响;（3）降雨条件下张裂缝位置对边坡稳定有较大影响,距坡肩越近,张裂缝对边坡稳定性影响越大;（4）张裂缝处在最不利位置且充水时存在一个最不利深度。     

不同饱和度土层分界面上剪切波的反射与透射

基于多相孔隙介质弹性理论,给出了非饱和土中不同弹性波的传播方程。根据分界面上的边界条件,建立了各势函数波幅值之间的关系式,讨论了入射剪切波在不同饱和度土层分界面上的反射与透射问题。在无限空间非饱和土体中存在3种压缩波和1种剪切波,因此,当剪切波传播到不同饱和度的非饱和土层分界面上将分别在上、下土层激发产生4种反射波和4种透射波。推导出不同反射波和透射波的振幅比例系数和能量比例系数的理论表达式,并且在此基础上进行数值分析。在数值算例中分别研究了各反射波与透射波的能量比例系数（即能量反射率和能量透射率）受入射频率、入射角度以及上、下土层土体饱和度变化的影响情况。计算结果表明：各能量反射率和能量透射率不仅与入射角和入射频率有关,而且其受上、下土层饱和度变化的影响也同样不能忽视。     

基于MCMC法的非饱和土渗流参数随机反分析

基于贝叶斯理论,以马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法（Markov chain Monte Carlo Simulation, MCMC法）的自适应差分演化Metropolis算法为参数后验分布抽样计算方法,建立利用时变测试数据的参数随机反分析及模型预测方法。以香港东涌某天然坡地降雨入渗测试为算例,采用自适应差分演化Metropolis算法对时变降雨条件下非饱和土一维渗流模型参数进行随机反分析,研究参数后验分布的统计特性,并分别对校准期和验证期内模型预测孔压和实测值进行比较。研究结果表明,DREAM算法得到的各随机变量后验分布标准差较先验分布均显著减小;经过实测孔压数据的校准,模型计算精度很高,校准期内95%总置信区间的覆盖率达到0.964;验证期第2～4个阶段95%总置信区间的覆盖率分别为0.52、0.79和0.79,模型预测结果与实测值吻合程度较高。     

一个高饱和度非饱和土的本构模型

高饱和度的非饱和土中由于气体处于封闭状态,其内部气压的变化必将对土体的行为产生影响。首先,对高饱和度非饱和土特性进行探讨和研究,随后,在已有非饱和土模型框架基础上,采用广义有效应力原理,建立一个适用于高饱和度条件下的非饱和土的弹塑性本构模型。模型中引入气相耗散的影响,在硬化方程中考虑封闭气体压力改变的影响。最后,利用已有的试验结果来对模型进行验证,并将模型预测结果与前人模型进行对比,表明模型预测可以很好地预测土体的行为,尤其是在高饱和度条件下其结果比其他模型更加接近实际情况。     

入渗诱发黄土滑坡的力学机制

在农田水利建设蓬勃发展的同时,灌溉入渗在黄土塬边诱发了严重的滑坡灾害。作为黄土滑坡的典型区域,甘肃黑方台地区近年来受到了密切关注。为了研究入渗条件下黄土边坡的变形破坏机制,在黑方台典型滑坡后壁削取原状土样,开展了3组不同应力路径的三轴试验以模拟边坡的失稳过程。通过开展偏压固结不排水（ACU）试验和饱和恒载（SDL）增孔压试验研究了饱和黄土启动和变形破坏过程;通过开展非饱和恒载（UDL）增湿试验,研究了非饱和黄土启动和变形破坏过程。在此基础上,从应力路径和黄土的微观结构角度阐述了入渗诱发黄土滑坡的力学机制。此外,利用试验结果分析了黄土的典型物理力学特性,结果表明：在埋深应力范围内,该黄土的饱和临界状态线可简化为单一的直线;该黄土的状态边界线可近似为其临界状态线;由UDL试验预测的土-水特征曲线受应力状态影响,较高的应力水平对应较低含水率。     

Responses in growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of four oleaginous microalgae to different nitrogen sources and concentrations

Nitrogen deficiency is an effective strategy for enhancing lipid production in microalgae. Close relationships exist among lipid production, microalgal species, and nitrogen sources. We report growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition in four microalgae （Chloroeoccum ellipsoideum UTEX972, Chlorococcum nivale LB2225, Chlorococcum tatrense UTEX2227, and Scenedesmus deserticola JNU19） under nitrate- and urea-nitrogen deficiencies. We found three patterns of response to nitrogen deficiency： Type-A （decrease in biomass and increase in lipid content）, Type-B （reduction in both biomass and lipid content）, and Type-C （enhancement of both biomass and lipid content）. Type-C microalgae are potential candidates for large-scale oil production. Chlorococcum ellipsoideum, for example, exhibited a neutral lipid production of up to 239.6 mg/（L＇d） under urea-nitrogen deficiency. In addition, nitrogen deficiency showed only a slight influence on lipid fractions and fatty acid composition. Our study provides useful information for further screening hyper-lipid microalgal strains for biofuel production.     

罗非鱼鱼鳞胶制备降血压胶原肽的工艺及酶解物活性

以罗非鱼鱼鳞胶为原料,制备对血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)有抑制活性的降血压肽。以水解度(DH)及ACE抑制率为指标,筛选水解鱼鳞胶的最适酶种,并对其水解工艺条件进行优化;采用超滤技术对所制备的降血压肽进行分离纯化,比较不同组分的ACE抑制率,测定高ACE抑制率组分的氨基酸组成,并运用MALDI-TOF-MS法分析其分子质量分布。结果表明,复合蛋白酶是水解鱼鳞胶最适酶种,在50℃、pH7.5、料液质量体积比1∶5、酶与底物质量比(mE/mS)1.5%条件下,酶解6 h,酶解液的ACE抑制作用最强,其水解度DH 73%,ACE的抑制率76.15%。酶解液经超滤分离所获得的分子质量小于2 000 u的组分对ACE抑制率最高,达83.15%;该组分的氨基酸主要含有Gly和Pro,含量分别为22.04%和11.40%;该组分分子质量范围为1 300~2 000 u。     

东方百合鳞片生小鳞茎生长过程中的激素变化

应用高效液相色谱仪测定东方百合“索蚌”鳞片繁殖小鳞茎过程中, 母鳞片、小鳞茎和新生根中4种内源激素赤霉素（GA3）、生长素（IAA）、脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素（ZT）的变化。结果发现,小鳞茎形成过程中,4种内源激素中ZT和GA3在母鳞片中含量最高,IAA在新生根中含量最高,ABA在小鳞茎中含量最高。同时,母鳞片和小鳞茎中ZT、GA3、ABA和IAA都呈现不同幅度的上升趋势。小鳞茎形成过程中,母鳞片中的4种激素中的ZT的净增长率最高为109%;小鳞茎的4种激素中IAA的净增长率最高,为102%;在新生根中,除了ABA其他3种激素都呈现上升趋势,其中ZT的净增长率最高,为493%。     

Ice-free conditions in Novaya Zemlya 35 000–30 000 cal years B.P., as indicated by radiocarbon ages and amino acid racemization evidence from marine molluscs

Novaya Zemlya was covered by the eastern part of the Barents–Kara ice sheet during the glacial maximum of marine isotope stage 2 (MIS 2). We obtained ¹⁴C ages on 37 samples of mollusc shells from various sites on the islands. Most samples yielded ages in the range of 48–26 ¹⁴C Ky. Such old samples are sensitive to contamination by young ¹⁴C, and therefore their reliability was assessed using replicate analyses and amino acid geochronology. The extent of aspartic acid racemization (Asp D/L) indicates that many of the ¹⁴C ages are correct, whereas some are minimum ages only. The results indicate that a substantial part of Novaya Zemlya was ice-free about 35–27 ¹⁴C Kya, and probably even earlier. Corresponding shorelines up to >140 m a.s.l. indicate a large Barents–Kara ice sheet during early MIS 3. These results are consistent with findings from Svalbard and northern Russia: in both places a large MIS 4/3 Barents–Kara ice sheet is postulated to have retreated about 50 Kya, followed by an ice-free interstadial that lasted until up to ca. 25 Kya. The duration of the MIS 2 glaciation in Novaya Zemlya was calculated by applying the D/L values to a kinetic equation for Asp racemization. This indicates that the islands were ice covered for less than 3000 years if the basal temperature was 0^oC, and for less than 10 000 years if it was −5^oC.     

Digital system for recording fish echoes

A system to record digitised echo information from echo sounders has been developed as part of a project to improve methods of estimating the abundance of fish stocks around New Zealand. The depth of echoes appearing at the echo‐sounder receiver is determined, followed by a sequence of samples of the echo envelope defining its shape. All data are digitised and recorded on a seven‐track digital magnetic tape recorder. The system is designed to preserve as much information about the echoes as possible. In contrast to other published systems designed to either “count” or “integrate” fish echoes, this system allows free choice of methods of analysis.