基于一种新强度理论的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析

非饱和土强度及其边坡稳定性一直是工程界和理论界的一个重要课题。Bishop和Fredlund提出的抗剪强度公式虽被广泛接受,但应用工程仍存诸多不便。针对于此,作者提出了一种有效应力与土水特征曲线发展成的一种新的非饱和土强度公式。该公式不需多组的非饱和土剪切试验,便于工程应用。基于此强度公式,采用VB语言,结合Bishop法,编写了非饱和土边坡稳定性的计算程序,讨论了强度分层的影响,还分析了裂隙对非饱和土边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,对于膨胀土边坡,强度的分层是合理的,也是必要的。     

Lipids and pigments in deep-sea surface sediments and interfacial particles from the Western Crozet Basin

Deep-sea sediment samples were collected in the Western Crozet Basin (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) through Permanently Open Ocean Zone (POOZ), Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) and Sub-Antarctic Zone (SAZ). Lipid class and fatty acid compositions were investigated to determine the sources and fate of organic matter in the first centimeter of sediment and, above this layer, in the fluff (when present) and particles in the overlying water. The total lipid content varied from 74 to 1033 μg l⁻¹ in the overlying particles and fluffs, and from 24 to 97 μg g⁻¹ dry mass (DM) in surficial sediments. Lipid composition was always dominated by phospholipids in the first centimeter of sediment and often in the overlying particles. The amount of phospholipids (labile compounds representative of fresh material) was compared to the amount of chlorophyll a (Chl a), another compound that is susceptible to rapid degradation. A strong N–S gradient was observed in the distribution of these two compounds, which was attributed to the contrasting hydrodynamic of the study area. The high sedimentation rate in POOZ resulted in better preservation of Chl a in this zone than in other zones of the Crozet Basin (PFZ and SAZ). Phospholipid fatty acids suggested the presence of viable as well as morphologically intact organisms, and these organisms consisted essentially of bacteria with some diatom cysts in the fluff of POOZ. These spores were able to grow in the culture, indicating that they were still viable. Despite the strong hydrodynamic variability, phospholipid fatty acids analysed from the deep-sea surficial sediments were never representative of plankton. This pointed to the extremely labile nature of the phospholipids originally present in planktonic material compared with Chl a, which was always found in overlying particles and surficial sediments.     

长毛对虾酸性磷酸酶功能基团的研究(Ⅱ)

用化学修饰剂pCMB、NBS、K试剂修饰长毛对虾Penaeuspenicilla－tusAlcock酸性磷酸酶（ACPase，EC3．1．3．2），在修饰剂作用下，酶活力明显下降，健康虾酶对修饰剂的敏感性（NBS除外）大都稍大于病虾酶。修饰酶的紫外280um吸收光谱以及荧光340um发射光谱的变化，表明酶活力下降的同时酶构象也产生相应的变化。结果表明，酶分子的半胱氨酸残基、色氨酸残基以及门冬氨酸、谷氨酸β或γ验基与酶活力有关，是酶的催化功能基团。     

Remarks upon numerical solutions of infiltration into a soil profile

Abstract

A methodology of time-step estimation for numerically solving the Richards equation is discussed. Its importance in simulating water movement in unsaturated—saturated soils is shown for infiltration into a soil profile by applying various time-step estimations and boundary conditions for different soils. In order to test the results of the computations, infiltration theory was applied. According to infiltration theory, the pressure head in the initially unsaturated part will not take positive values as long as the moisture front has not reached the phreatic level, or, in the case of a profile with a free-draining lower boundary, it is not saturated at the base. In other cases, the appearance of positive values of the pressure head produces incorrect values for the inflow rate q.     

长江河口盐沼湿地酸挥发性硫化物的时空分布特征及影响因素

以长江河口典型潮间带(崇明东滩湿地)不同地貌单元植被根际柱样沉积物(0~33 cm)为研究对象,探讨了长江河口潮间带表层沉积环境中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)的时空间变化特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明,不同植被根际沉积物中 AVS 含量存在显著季节变化,表现为:互花米草大于海三棱藨草和芦苇.各采样点根际沉积物中 AVS 含量垂向变化为:高潮滩芦苇,随深度的增加而降低;中潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草,随深度的增加先增大后减小,且在地面下约20 cm 处显著增大. Pearson 相关分析表明,沉积物中 AVS含量与<16μm 的颗粒物、有机碳含量及含水率之间不存在简单的正相关关系.根际沉积物中 AVS 含量的时空变化可能受潮汐、植被生长等因素的综合影响,其时空变化特征反映了长江河口潮滩复杂多变的氧化还原条件.与芦苇和海三棱藨草相比,入侵物种互花米草对沉积物中硫酸盐异化还原有显著影响,其可能改变了潮滩湿地生态系统原有的氧化-还原生物地球化学循环过程     

硝酸-氢氟酸酸溶电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定黑钨矿单矿物中稀土元素

黑钨矿单矿物通常混入铬、钙、镁、钴、钪和稀土等元素,属于富含稀土型矿物,准确测定黑钨矿中的稀土元素对判定黑钨矿矿床的成因相当重要。黑钨矿单矿物样品经硝酸-氢氟酸高压密闭溶解,蒸干除去氢氟酸,以硝酸提取使稀土元素进入溶液,钨则以钨酸的形式从溶液中沉淀而分离,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定稀土元素的含量。用Rh、Re双内标校正,有效地降低了分析信号漂移对分析结果的影响;Ba对153Eu干扰、Pr、Ce对157Gd干扰,采用分析软件在线扣除。该方法消除了钨基体元素的干扰,复溶沉淀实验表明残留稀土相对量小于10%,稀土元素的测定值与过氧化钠碱熔法的结果相符。方法加标回收率为94.2%～104.0%,相对标准偏差小于10%,检出限小于0.026μg/g。方法简便,准确度高,检出限低,适用于黑钨矿单矿物的分析。     

华南富铀花岗岩和产铀花岗岩特征

文章简要叙述了我国南方5省(区)富铀花岗岩和产铀花岗岩概况,详细讨论了产铀花岗岩的主要特征:断裂构造发育,蚀变作用非常强烈,经常有二云母花岗岩出现,中基性和酸性脉岩比较发育。正是这些特征,决定了它们产出铀矿床的能力。     

A study on resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of Humic Acid (HA)

This paper deals with the influences of pH, acidity and ionic intensity of the solutions on the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and fluorescence spectra of humic acid. When the pH value is low and the acidity and ionic intensity are high, the resonance Rayleigh spectra and fluorescence spectra both show a tendency of increasing, though the former’s intensity is much higher. In combination with the transmission electron microscope data, the factors leading to the occurrence and enhancement of the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of humic acid were explored. It is considered that particle enlargement caused by aggregation, the increase of heterogeneity, the increase of hydrophobility, the formation of interface, etc., are the factors leading to the occurrence and enhancement of the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of humic acid. As the intensity of the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of humic acid is much higher, resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy can be used as a newly developed spectrum technology, which is more sensitive and simpler, to study humic acid and its complicated behaviors.     

农业活动对岩溶作用碳汇的影响:以重庆青木关地下河流域为例

以受农业活动影响强烈的重庆青木关地下河流域为研究对象,利用CTDP300多参数水质自动记录仪、WGZ-1型光电数字水位计、HOBO小型气象站在线自动监测电导率、水位以及降雨等数据,并获取流域耕地面积数据,于2010年分月采集地下水样,分析常规水化学和地下水溶解无机碳δ13C,初步探讨流域农业活动对岩溶作用过程和碳汇的影响,发现农业活动对岩溶作用过程产生明显的影响,进而影响到岩溶地质碳汇。地下水水化学以及地下水δ13CDIC值证实了流域地下水DIC是碳酸、硝酸和硫酸共同溶蚀碳酸盐岩的产物;每月碳酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生DIC占地下水中总DIC的比例在55.53%～81.25%之间,雨季(62.98%)普遍低于旱季(74.86%);碳酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生的DIC的量为14.67×106mol/a,其中岩溶作用产生的净CO2汇量为7.335×106mol/a,而硝酸和硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生的DIC总量为7.48×106mol/a,约占地下水中总DIC的33.8%,单位面积耕地上硝酸和硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生DIC的强度为1.89×106mol/(km2.a)。人类活动引入的硝酸和硫酸参与碳酸盐岩的溶解并改变了区域碳循环。