三峡船闸高边坡降雨入渗的三维数值仿真

基于反映裂隙岩体渗透张量各向异性特性的广义达西定律与相对透水率等裂隙岩体渗流基本理论,应用三维非线性有限元方法,对长江三峡工程永久船闸高陡边坡在连续降雨条件下裂隙岩体饱和-非饱和、非恒定渗流扩散过程进行了三维数值仿真分析,得出了连续降雨条件下船闸高陡边坡裂隙岩体渗流场的时空分布规律及典型降雨时段闸室混凝土衬砌上的最不利外水压力荷载,对暴雨入渗情况下闸室边墙稳定性与安全性进行了评价。分析结果表明,闸室混凝土衬砌具有较高的安全度;船闸高陡边坡内排水系统效果显著,即使遭遇长期强降雨,闸室衬砌上的外水压力荷载受降雨的影响也不大。     

超微型贯入仪的研制及其应用

为了解和掌握非饱和土中团聚体的分布和强度,自行研制了一台SMP-1型超微型贯入仪。首先介绍了该仪器的工作原理和组成,并以面团和石灰改性膨胀土为贯入试样,对该仪器测试结果的有效性和正确性进行了验证。测试结果表明,该仪器可以获得贯入探针刺入端阻力与刺入深度间的关系曲线,以及团聚体在三维空间上任一纵、横剖面内的强度分布等值线图,可显示出试样内部丰富的结构性和不均匀性信息。该超微型贯入仪的研制成功为研究工程土体中团聚体分布及其内部结构和强度提供了一个新的手段。     

海水中铁(Ⅲ)-氨基酸盐配合物的光化学反应研究

系统研究了高压汞灯模拟日光照射下铁(Ⅲ)-氨基酸盐配合物在天然海水中的光化学反应情况,结果发现,在氨基酸盐配体的存在下,铁(Ⅲ)会发生光化学反应生成还原态的铁(Ⅱ),同时生成的铁(Ⅱ)会被容器内的氧再氧化为铁(Ⅲ).铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应速率会受到配体浓度、pH和光强以及温度的影响.在氨基酸与铁(Ⅲ)浓度配比大于2的情况下,在铁(Ⅲ)氨基酸盐配合物的光还原反应初期铁(Ⅱ)浓度的增长符合一级动力学反应规律,100min后浓度趋于稳定.光强升高和pH降低都能加快光还原速率,而改变温度则基本上对光还原反应速率无影响,这证明铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应为一自由基引发的电子转移过程.     

Analytical solutions for the consolidation of unsaturated foundation with prefabricated vertical drain

Based on the consolidation theory raised by Fredlund, the solutions for the equal-strain consolidation of unsaturated foundation with the prefabricated vertical drain considering smear effect and drain resistance are analytically formulated in this paper. Firstly, governing equations for excess pore pressures (i.e., excess pore-air and pore-water pressures) under the equal-strain hypothesis are derived with the introduction of radial boundary conditions. Afterwards, the obtained coupled equations are solved by applying general integration, decoupling process, and Fourier sine series expansion. The smear coefficients and factors of drain resistance corresponding to air and water phases are both captured explicitly in the final solutions. Furthermore, the degenerated solutions are employed to verify the reliability of the current solutions. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to study the consolidation characteristics of the proposed foundation model against modeling sizes (S and N), smear coefficients (α_a and α_w), and drain resistance factors (G_a and G_w).     

Variability of unsaturated Bromide fluxes as measured through a layered volcanic vadose zone in New Zealand

The measured drainage fluxes through a layered volcanic vadose zone exhibited high spatial variability as a consequence of heterogeneous flow conditions. The drainage flux variability was quantified using automated equilibrium tension lysimeters, installed in close‐proximity and resulted in high variability in the Br masses recovered from a conservative tracer experiment. The primary cause of the heterogeneous flow was attributed to textural changes occurring at the interface between volcanic layers, resulting in development of funnel‐flow patterns, and further enhanced by the existence of hydrophobic conditions. The Br recoveries in individual automated equilibrium tension lysimeters were used to determine the corresponding variable sizes of the surface areas contributing drainage to the lysimeters. The tracer experiment confirmed the existence of unsaturated lateral transport occurring at the sloping interface of the coarse Taupo Ignimbrite material with the silty Palaeosol layer at approximately 4.2 m depth. This study demonstrates that measurements of both flux and solute concentrations at multiple locations are essential when heterogeneous flow is suspected to be present, to be able to determine reliable estimates of contaminant leaching through the vadose zone at the plot scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water flow and solute transport model of potentially toxic elements through unsaturated zone at regional wellfield Kosnica

The objective of this work was to build a prognostic water flow model and potentially toxic elements (lead, cadmium, zinc) transport model in the unsaturated zone. Research was conducted in the catchment area of Kosnica regional wellfield, where the unsaturated zone is characterised by Fluvisol. Lower sorption capacities were determined in the first horizons for all three potentially toxic elements. Correlation coefficient of the measured and simulated values of tracer concentration is 0.58 for the AC horizon and 0.84 for the 2C/C1 horizon. Based on calibrated water flow and transport parameters, a prognostic water flow model and potentially toxic elements (lead, cadmium, zinc) transport model in the unsaturated zone was built. In case of an accidental spill of potentially toxic elements with concentrations of 1000 mg/l, the risk of contamination of the aquifer is present. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

径向水力喷射钻井技术在煤矿注浆孔中的应用

采用石油行业径向水平喷射钻井技术在煤矿注浆堵水方面可实现水平定向射流成孔,在薄层灰岩、奥陶系灰岩承压含水层中寻找沟通裂隙,尤其在直井或分支井段较小漏水的情况下可进行多分支喷射,还可以加适量盐酸、酸化缓蚀剂进行局部酸化沟通裂隙,压裂地层,从而降低注浆压力,提高注浆堵水效果。径向水力喷射钻井在峰峰集团梧桐庄矿9号注浆孔应用取得了一定的成效。该技术也可作为地热井增大水量的一种手段。     

金川铜镍硫化物精矿中有价金属分离实验研究

本文以金川铜镍硫化物精矿为研究对象,对比研究了A.f.菌浸出与硫酸酸溶浸出对铜镍硫化物精矿中有价金属Co、Ni和Cu的提取效果。为了进一步优化硫化物精矿中有价金属Co、Ni和Cu浸出效果,考察了微生物-硫酸浸出与硫酸-微生物浸出对精矿中Co、Ni和Cu提取的影响。结果表明:Co2+、Ni2+、Cu2+微生物-硫酸浸出率可分别达到85.05%、98.32%和95.31%。微生物-硫酸浸出加速了硫化物矿物的溶解,促进了硫化物矿物中有价金属Co、Ni、Cu的浸出,大大提高了有价金属Co2+、Ni2+、Cu2+的浸出率。     

利用土壤温度估算土壤有效热导系数和水流通量

土壤有效热导系数和水流通量是研究大气-土壤系统水分转化的重要变量。采用动态回归模型(DHR)获取土壤温度的振幅和相位变化,联合土壤水热耦合方程的解析解估算土壤有效热导系数和土壤水流通量,并将该方法应用于毛乌素沙地的土壤水流通量估算中。结果显示,实例研究估算获得的有效热导系数在10~(-7)m~2/s数量级变化,且随振幅比的增加呈指数增加,随相位差的增加呈指数衰减。当土壤含水率小于0.08时,有效热导系数呈线性增加;当土壤含水率大于0.08时,接近恒定值(定量0.08),土壤水流通量随土壤含水率的变化无明显的线性关系。     

青海省兴海县日龙沟花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

赛什塘-日龙沟以铜为主的多金属矿田位于东昆仑与西秦岭的交接部位,分布有大量中酸性侵入体,与成矿作用有密切关系。通过对日龙沟锡多金属矿区花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素和岩石地球化学研究,认为该岩体形成于中三叠世(230.7±1.5Ma),属于相对贫硅(Si O2含量为62.24%~63.67%)、偏碱(碱度率AR为1.73~1.88)、过铝(铝饱和指数A/CNK介于2.37~2.70之间)的花岗闪长岩。稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=111×10-6~164×10-6),稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土元素富集(LREE/HREE=9.83~16.95)的右倾曲线,(La/Yb)N介于16.5~34.32之间,Eu、Gd具有弱负异常(δEu=0.79~0.98,δGd=0.73~0.81),而Tb具有弱正异常(δTb=1.23~1.28)。微量元素显示,Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素相对富集,Nb、Ta、Dy、Y、Ho、Yb、Lu等高场强元素亏损。岩相学特征显示,岩体主要由斜长石、黑云母、石英及角闪石组成;镜下可见2组斜长石及包含结构。综合判断认为,日龙沟花岗闪长岩体属I型花岗岩,可能是二叠系中性火山岩部分熔融形成的。结合野外地质调查,初步认为赛什塘-日龙沟矿田具有2期成矿作用。