Mathematical attributes of some soil–water characteristic curve models

Numerous mathematical models have been proposed in the research literature to represent soil–water characteristic curve data. A number of proposed mathematical models are summarized and the significance of each of the associated soil parameters is illustrated. The advantages and disadvantages of the various mathematical models are outlined. The derivatives for each of the model equations are presented along with comments regarding the efficiency of the best-fit regression procedures.The models using three soil parameters models proved to be superior for representing the wide range of soil suctions required in solving geotechnical problems. Regression analyses using three soil parameters were shown to be numerically more stable, converging with a reasonable number of iterations.     

Predictive modelling of dump water impact on the surroundings of the lignite dump site Jänschwalde (Eastern Germany)

Open cast mining of lignite leads to dumps containing highly mineralised pore waters. To predict the impact of the dump waters on the undisturbed aquifers two steps are necessary. (1) The prediction of dump water quality at times when steady state flow conditions will be established. (2) The simulation of the dump ground water migration with a model that is able to handle the complexity of the homogeneous and heterogeneous interactions of the migration process.For the investigated site Jänschwalde, which is still dewatered, a chemical mass balance was performed. The predicted alkalinity potentials exceed acidity potentials for the dump as a whole. The distribution of these parameters show high alkalinity potentials for the northern part.In order to model the migration process the transport code PCGEOFIM^® [Anwenderdokumentaion, IBGW Leipzig, (in German)] was coupled with the geochemical equilibrium code PHREEQC [USGS, Water-Resources Investigations Report]. This was done to simulate redox reactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and cation exchange in the ground water zone. The model is verified by a column flow test. The results of the simulations show a small effect of the migrating dump waters on the quartenary aquifer with respect to acidity changes. This results from calcite buffering and cation exchange. The impact on the quartenary aquifer by sulphate is much higher.     

Effect of widespread severely acidic soils on spatial features and abundance of trace elements in streams

In the coastal area of western Finland, a large number of streams are strongly acidic and contaminated with metals. The reason for this is not historical and present industrial, mining and urban activities, but a current high rate of weathering and leaching of widespread acid sulphate soils (pH 2.5–4.0) developed in artificially drained Holocene marine and lacustrine sulphide-bearing sediments. Evaluation of existing hydro- and geochemical field and experimental data revealed that: (1) cobalt, Ni and Zn are extensively leached from the acid sulphate soils and thus exist abundantly in streams affected by such soils, (2) copper and Tl are also leached abundantly from the acid sulphate soils, although not to the same extent as are Co, Ni and Zn, (3) vanadium is in general depleted and Cr only weakly enriched in streams draining ‘the average acid sulphate soil’, but they increase substantially in severely acidic streams in catchments underlain with particularly acidic soil, (4) arsenic and Pb are not leached more abundantly from the acid sulphate soils than from the common types of soils and sediments (till, glaciofluvial deposits, peat) resulting in aquatic abundance and distribution patterns unrelated to the acid sulphate soil occurrences.     

湖泊沉积物中蛋白质和氨基酸的动态变化

测定了阿哈湖和百花湖沉积物孔隙水中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量。蛋白质含量分别在0．32－1．71mg/ml和0．22－1．38mg/ml之间，氨基酸含量分别在1．15－5．01μg/ml（以含N量计）和1．41－4．16μg/ml之间。两湖沉积物氨基酸含量逐渐增高，表明扩散作用的存在。随着时间的推移，蛋白质在沉积物各层中得到了很好的保存，说明它的分解比较有限。沉积物孔隙水中氨基酸含量和微生物活动有关，氨基酸在27cm以后的阿哈湖沉积物中明显积累，可能指示微生物活动的减弱。     

Chrysophyte cysts as paleolimnological indicators of environmental change due to cottage development and acidic deposition in the Muskoka-Haliburton region, Ontario, Canada

Chrysophyte cysts preserved in recent and pre-industrial lake sediment samples from 54 Muskoka-Haliburton (Ontario) lakes were used in a paleolimnological study to determine the impact of acidic precipitation and cottage development on water quality. A total of 246 cyst morphotypes were identified. Ecological preferences of cyst morphotypes were determined using multivariate statistical analysis, cluster analysis, and species-environment correlations. Recent cyst assemblages were related to water chemistry and lake morphometric variables using Redundancy Analysis (RDA). The distribution of morphotypes was related to a gradient of acid neutralising capacity (ANC), expressed through the association of variables related to buffering (i.e. longitude, watershed area, and ionic concentration) with the first axis (₁ = 0.29). Cyst assemblages were also defined, to a lesser extent (₂ = 0.06), by a trophic status gradient, created through the combination of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), volume-weighted cottage density, and lake depth variables. The identification of lakewater pH and trophic status as important determinants of cyst assemblage structure allowed for the reconstruction of acidification and eutrophication related water chemistry changes using fossil cyst assemblages. The reconstruction of pre-industrial (pre-1850) water quality conditions with fossil cyst assemblages indicated that pH significantly decreased in 24.1% of the study lakes and increased in 16.7% of the lakes. Increases in pH in more alkaline drainage basins are attributed to alkalinity generation processes induced by acidic precipitation as has been shown in other studies. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations significantly declined in 12.9% of the lakes and increased in 16.6% of lakes. Increases in [TP] were linked to cottage development. Decreases in trophic status may be due to landuse changes, the result of the acidification occurring in the area, or warmer and drier climates. A comparison of chrysophyte cyst and diatom water quality inferences show similar trends in pH changes. There is a good agreement between diatom and chrysophyte bioindicators with respect to [TP] changes in oligotrophic lakes (< 10 g/L); however, diatom inferences suggest that lakes with current [TP] values greater than 10 g/L have decreased in trophic status over time, while chrysophyte reconstructions suggest that these same lakes have become more productive systems.     

Computer modelling of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg

The airflow, cloud microphysics and gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry on Kleiner Feldberg have been modelled for the case study of the evening of 1 November 1990, in order to calculate parameters that are not easily measured in the cloud and thus to aid the interpretation of the GCE experimental data-set. An airflow model has been used to produce the updraught over complex terrain for the cloud model, with some care required to ensure realistic modelling of the strong stable stratification of the atmosphere. An extensive set of measurements has been made self-consistent and used to calculate gas and aerosol input parameters for the model. A typical run of the cloud model has calculated a peak supersaturation of 0.55% which occurs about 20 s after entering cloud where the updraught is 0.6 m s^–1. This figure has been used to calculate the efficiency with which aerosol particles were scavenged; it is higher than that calculated by other methods, and produces a cloud with slightly too many droplets. A broad cloud droplet size spectrum has been produced by varying the model inputs to simulate turbulent mixing and fluctuations in cloud parameters in space and time, and the ability of mixing processes near cloud-base to produce a lower peak supersaturation is discussed. The scavenging of soluble gases by cloud droplets has been observed and departures from Henry's Law in bulk cloud-water samples seen to be caused by variation of pH across the droplet spectrum and the inability of diffusion to adjust initial distributions of highly soluble substances across the spectrum in the time available. Aqueous-phase chemistry has been found to play a minor role in the cloud as modelled, but circumstances in which these processes would be more important are identified.     

2－（2－吡咯偶氮）苯甲酸与镍显色反应及应用

２－（２－吡咯偶氮）苯甲酸与镍显色反应及应用郑恩铭，孙维林台州师范专科学校生化系浙江临海３１７０００２－（２－吡咯偶氮）苯甲酸￣［１］（简称ＰＡＢＡ）的结构式为：本文试验了Ｎｉ￣（２＋）与ＰＡＢＡ的显色反应条件，所拟方法结合预分离技术用于钴精矿和铝合...     

DCS－偶氮胂光度法测定钛酸锶烧结物中游离的氧化锶

ＤＣＳ－偶氮胂光度法测定钛酸锶烧结物中游离的氧化锶胡浩，周宏实江苏海安磷肥厂２２６６００ＤＣＳ－偶氮肿［２－（２－胂酸基苯偶氮）－７－（２，６－二氯－４－磺酸基苯偶氮）－１，８－二羟基－３，６－二磺酸萘］属双偶氮变色酸类显色剂，主要用于稀土元素的高灵...     

气候因素对土壤有机质组成和性质的影响

云南省哀牢山徐家坝自然保护区不同海拔的土壤有机质组成和性质与气候因素的相关分析结果表明，土壤有机质的组成（Ｈ／Ｆ），胡敏酸的光学特征（Ｅ＿４／Ｅ＿６）和ＣａＣｌ＿２的絮凝极限（ＦＬ值），除ＦＬ和Ｅ＿４／Ｅ＿６与年均降雨量不呈显著相关关系外，其它数值均与年均温、≥１０℃积温和年均降雨量呈显著（ｐ＜０．０１，ｎ＝７）的相关关系，并服从一元二次方程Ｙ＝Ａ＋ＢＸ＋ＣＸ￣２．由此证明了气候因素对土壤有机质组成和胡敏酸的性质有显著的影响。