SO4^2-改性铁铝复合层柱粘土的制备及其催化性能研究

由共聚法制得的铁铝复合交联剂交换钠基蒙脱石层间的水合钠离子,再经SO42-改性处理制备了铁铝复合层柱粘土固体超强酸催化剂.利用xRD、FT-IR和BET法对催化剂的结构进行了表征.以乙酸正丁酯的合成反应为探针反应对催化剂的活性进行了测试.通过正交实验确定了铁铝复合交联粘土SO42-改性最佳工艺条件.研究了催化剂对探针反应的选择性及重复使用情况.结果表明:在由实验确定的最佳改性工艺条件下,乙酸的转化率达92.2%,反应中无副产物产生,催化剂具有较好的重复使用性能.     

Conditions of pocket formation in the Oktyabrskaya tourmaline-rich gem pegmatite (the Malkhan field, Central Transbaikalia, Russia)

Coexisting melt (MI), fluid-melt (FMI) and fluid (FI) inclusions in quartz from the Oktaybrskaya pegmatite, central Transbaikalia, have been studied and the thermodynamic modeling of PVTX-properties of aqueous orthoboric-acid fluids has been carried out to define the conditions of pocket formation. At room temperature, FMI in early pocket quartz and in quartz from the coarse-grained quartz–oligoclase host pegmatite contain crystalline aggregates and an orthoboric-acid fluid. The portion of FMI in inclusion assemblages decreases and the volume of fluid in inclusions increases from the early to the late growth zones in the pocket quartz. No FMI have been found in the late growth zones. Significant variations of solid/fluid ratios in the neighboring FMI result from heterogeneous entrapment of coexisting melts and fluids by a host mineral. Raman spectroscopy, SEM EDS and EMPA indicate that the crystalline aggregates in FMI are dominated by mica minerals of the boron-rich muscovite–nanpingite CsAl₂[AlSi₃O₁₀](OH,F)₂ series as well as lepidolite. Topaz, quartz, potassium feldspar and several unidentified minerals occur in much lower amounts. Fluid isolations in FMI and FI have similar total salinity (4–8 wt.% NaCl eq.) and H₃BO₃ contents (12–16 wt.%). The melt inclusions in host-pegmatite quartz homogenize at 570–600 °C. The silicate crystalline aggregates in large inclusions in pocket quartz completely melt at 615 °C. However, even after those inclusions were significantly overheated at 650±10 °C and 2.5 kbar during 24 h they remained non-homogeneous and displayed two types: (i) glass+unmelted crystals and (ii) fluid+glass. The FMI glasses contain 1.94–2.73 wt.% F, 2.51 wt.% B₂O₃, 3.64–5.20 wt.% Cs₂O, 0.54 wt.% Li₂O, 0.57 wt.% Ta₂O₅, 0.10 wt.% Nb₂O₅, 0.12 wt.% BeO. The H₂O content of the glass could exceed 12 wt.%. Such compositions suggest that the residual melts of the latest magmatic stage were strongly enriched in H₂O, B, F, Cs and contained elevated concentrations of Li, Be, Ta, and Nb. FMI microthermometry showed that those melts could have crystallized at 615–550 °C.

Crystallization of quartz–feldspar pegmatite matrix leads to the formation of H₂O-, B- and F-enriched residual melts and associated fluids (prototypes of pockets). Fluids of different compositions and residual melts of different liquidus–solidus P–T-conditions would form pockets with various internal fluid pressures. During crystallization, those melts release more aqueous fluids resulting in a further increase of the fluid pressure in pockets. A significant overpressure and a possible pressure gradient between the neighboring pockets would induce fracturing of pockets and “fluid explosions”. The fracturing commonly results in the crushing of pocket walls, formation of new fractures connecting adjacent pockets, heterogenization and mixing of pocket fluids. Such newly formed fluids would interact with a primary pegmatite matrix along the fractures and cause autometasomatic alteration, recrystallization, leaching and formation of “primary–secondary” pockets.     

非饱和土的有效应力与抗剪强度

从孔隙土的存在状态出发，探讨了吸力的两种不同作用效果与非饱和形态的关系，从理论上论证了Bishop公式的正确性澄清了多年来一个基本概念上的误解。用新的观点阐述了非饱和土中抗剪强度分布不均匀及浸水湿陷的原因；同时还对Fredlund和卢肇钧提出的抗剪强度理论及参数的测试方法进行了分析，提出了各种抗剪强度理论在理论上都是相同的，其区别仅在于确定由吸力产生的那部分有效应力时采用的参数和测试 方法不同。为今后非饱和土的抗剪强度研究从理论转向实用提供了理论基础。     

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的确定——以河南驻马店亚粘土为例

土壤水分运动参数的选取和确定是研究包气带中水分贮存和运动的基础.本文以河南驻马店亚粘土为例,进行了非饱和土壤水分运动参数的测定.通过将实测数据与经验模型拟合,将实验结果、计算结果和拟合结果进行了对比分析,发现所用的经验模型与实际数据吻合较好.研究结果表明选用的经验模型是可靠的,从而确定了土壤水分运动最优参数.     

Calcified roasting-acid leaching process of vanadium from low-grade vanadium-containing stone coal

The low-grade vanadium-containing stone coal used in this experiment was collected from Wuxi Coun- try, Chongqing City, China. The experiment focused on the vanadium recovery from roasted residue through opti- mizing the process conditions of an effective and environmentally-friendly technology, named calcified roast- ing-sulfuric acid leaching technology. By single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, the effects of roast- ing temperature, roasting time, sulfuric acid concentration and leaching time on the leaching ratio of vanadium were analyzed. The results showed that the leaching ratio of vanadium reached 85.5% under the proper technological con- ditions of roasting temperature=950℃, roasting time=4 h, 40% concentration of sulfuric acid and leaching time=6 h.     

麦饭石对腐殖酸及重金属离子的吸附作用

研究了麦饭石对腐殖酸和重金属离子（Ｈｇ２＋,Ｐｂ２＋,Ｃｕ２＋,Ｚｎ２＋,Ｃｄ２＋）的吸附作用,实验结果表明麦饭石对腐殖酸和重金属离子都具有较好的吸附性能,且腐殖酸的存在有利于麦饭石对重金属离子的吸附。ｐＨ值是影响吸附的重要因素,当ｐＨ值为５．０～６．０时,麦饭石同时吸附腐殖酸和重金属离子的效果最好,麦饭石在吸附腐殖酸和重金属离子的同时能溶出微量元素硒,这对于大骨节病的防治有重要意义。     

对矿物包裹体溶液性质的新认识——兼论含矿溶液是酸性溶液的地质证据

对金属矿床成矿溶液的性质 ,特别是 pH值 (酸碱度 )的确定 ,是认识含矿溶液的成因、成矿条件和成矿机理的关键。目前对成矿溶液性质的研究主要局限在对围岩蚀变矿物包裹体的测定方面 ,并得出近中性热卤水成矿的结论。作者认为 ,多数围岩蚀变矿物的包裹体溶液不能代表原成矿溶液的性质 ,“近中性的热卤水成矿”的认识有误 ,应是酸性水形成的含矿溶液成矿 ,并从矿物包裹体溶液的特征、Roedder的高金属含量的矿物包裹体溶液的发现、氢氧同位素资料、矿物包裹体中高卤水溶液的起源以及成矿溶液的演化机理等方面论述了酸性金属含矿溶液的成因及成矿演化过程。     

非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定性分析

为了提高非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定,采用了土工膜覆盖边坡表面的方法.基于非饱和渗流理论,采用有限元程序对用膜覆盖和不覆盖的边坡分别进行了降雨蒸发干湿循环条件下的数值分析.在计算结果基础上,采用极限平衡法分析了边坡的稳定性.结果表明,用膜覆盖后边坡能长期保持非饱和状态,土体吸力较高,其稳定安全系数明显高于无膜保护的边坡,用复合土工膜覆盖边坡有利于提高非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定.     

光谱样品中银的测定

样品经酸溶后,加碘化钾,银以AgI方式存在,有机试剂萃取分离,用原子吸收分光光度计测定有机相中银的含量,测定范围(1~1 000)×10-9。     

磺基水杨酸光度法连续测定岩石中的铁和钛

本文提出用磺基水杨酸(SSA)作显色剂,在不同pH值和同一波长下.于一分试液中连续测定铁和钛的分析方法。测定波长为420nm,测铁的pH值为8—11,Fe量在0—10μg/ml范围内服从比尔定律;测钛的pH值为2,TiO_2量在0—14μg/ml范围内服从比尔定律。