鲜浒苔稀硫酸水解产糖工艺研究

分别用质量分数为0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8%、2.2%的稀硫酸在121℃高温高压的条件下水解鲜浒苔30、60、90 min,浒苔水解残留物再用纤维素酶酶解,用DNS法测定上述各步骤中的还原糖产量。结果表明,浒苔总糖含量为67.2%。稀硫酸水解工艺中,硫酸质量分数为1.8%、水解90 min,浒苔还原糖转化率最高,达59.9%,每克干质量浒苔可产生447.0 mg还原糖。稀硫酸水解残留物纤维素酶酶解工艺中,浒苔还原糖转化率较低,在硫酸质量分数为0.6%、水解时间为60 min时还原糖转化率出现最大值,仅为6.5%。结果显示浒苔稀硫酸水解产还原糖效果显著,但并不能促进纤维素酶酶解。浒苔糖化可单独采用稀硫酸水解工艺,本实验条件下的最佳工艺条件为1.8%硫酸水解90 min。本研究探索了浒苔糖化工艺条件,对后续的浒苔燃料乙醇发酵研究具有一定的参考意义。     

祁连山冻土区水合物DK3和DK6钻孔中微生物脂肪酸特征及意义

利用脂肪酸法分析祁连山冻土带水合物区DK3(含水合物)与DK6(不含水合物)钻孔岩心中微生物多样性。本研究获得C12到C24二十六种脂肪酸(FA),可以分成直链饱和脂肪酸(SSFA),支链饱和脂肪酸(BSFA),单键不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),环丙烷脂肪酸(CFA)和多键不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)五大类型,其中SSFA相对含量最高。由于特异性的脂肪酸指示特异性的微生物类群,得出两根岩心中微生物类群主要由革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和真菌组成。运用PAST(Palaeontological statistics,version 1.21)软件对已获得的脂肪酸进行主成分分析和聚类分析,得出DK3与DK6岩心的微生物组成并无显著性差异,但是DK3岩心中含水合物层位与不含水合物层位微生物组成有差异,DK6岩心中有水合物异常的层位与无异常的层位有差异。发现C16:1和C18:1这两类脂肪酸与甲烷异常有很好的对应关系,从另一方面证明了水合物异常影响微生物组成分布。本次研究首次获得冻土沉积物中FA组成特征,丰富了FA的分布范围,研究结果扩大了真菌的分布深度,具体机理有待更多的实验证明。     

潮汐河口水库中水力充填堤坝结构的渗控关键技术研究

随着近些年水力充填堤坝结构在潮汐河口水库中的应用和发展,渗流控制技术也随之不断完善。本文以上海青草沙水库工程中的北堤工程为例,论述了水力充填堤坝应用在潮汐河口水库中,其渗流控制技术研究分析过程,为类似工程的设计和研究提供了经验和参考。     

Molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of saturated fatty acids within one sedimentary profile in the Shenhu,northern South China Sea: Source implications

This study examined the distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of saturated fatty acids (SaFAs) in one 300 cm long sedimentary profile, which was named as Site4B in Shenhu, northern South China Sea. The concentrations of total SaFAs in sediments ranged from 1.80 to 10.16 μg/g (μg FA/g dry sediment) and showed an even-over-odd predominance in the carbon chain of C₁₂ to C₃₂, mostly with n-C₁₆ and n-C₁₈ being the two major components. The short-chain fatty acids (ScFAs; n-C₁₂ to n-C₁₈) mainly from marine microorganisms had average δ¹³C values of −26.7‰ to −28.2‰, whereas some terrigenous-sourced long-chain fatty acids (LcFAs; n-C₂₁ to n-C₃₂) had average δ¹³C values of −29.6‰ to −34.1‰. The other LcFAs (n-C₂₄ & n-C₂₆ ∼ n-C₂₈; average δ¹³C values are −26.1‰ to −28.0‰) as well as n-C₁₉ and n-C₂₀ SaFAs (average δ¹³C values are −29.1‰ and −29.3‰, respectively) showed a mixed signal of carbon isotope compositions.The relative bioproductivity calculation (marine vs. terrigenous) demonstrated that most of organic carbon accumulation throughout the sedimentary profile was contributed by marine organism. The high marine productivity in Shenhu, South China Sea may be related to the hydrocarbon seepage which evidenced by diapiric structures. Interestingly, there is a sever fluctuation of terrigenous inputs around the depth of 97 cm below the seafloor (bsf), probably resulting from the influence of the Dansgaard–Oeschger events and the Younger Dryas event as revealed by ¹⁴C age measurements.     

夏季黄海冷水团海域的丙烯酸分布与海洋环境因子和叶绿素a变化之间的关系

海水中主要含硫化合物β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)降解可产生丙烯酸(AA)和活性气体二甲基硫(DMS)。2011年8月对黄海冷水团海域的AA及相关参量的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,该海域表层海水中AA的浓度为0~0.208μmol/L,平均值为(0.081±0.075)μmol/L。AA的高值区出现在海域的东南部,可能是受到长江冲淡水的影响。AA的浓度总体上呈现出由南到北递增的趋势,与Chl-a较为一致,表明该海域的AA主要是由DMSP裂解产生的。表层海水中AA与温度表现出明显的负相关性。AA的垂直分布表现为:中层底层表层,这可能是产生AA的浮游植物与消耗AA的细菌共同作用的结果。海域中AA浓度与DMSP或DMS无明显的相关性。AA浓度远高于DMS,AA/DMS平均为106∶1,初步估算出DMSP降解产生的AA约为66.5%。AA/Chl-a平均为126.6 mmol/g,比DMSP/Chl-a高1个数量级,比DMS/Chl-a高2个数量级。     

Using modified state surface approach to select parameter values in the Barcelona basic model

The Barcelona basic model (BBM) successfully explained many key features of unsaturated soils and received extensive acceptance. It is also one of the few elastoplastic constitutive models for unsaturated soils that have been implemented within finite element codes and applied to the analysis of real boundary value problems. The BBM was proposed in incremental forms according to theories of soil plasticity in which individual aspects of the isotropic virgin behavior are controlled by multiple parameters, whereas at the same time, a single parameter controls more than one aspect of soil behavior. Although a variety of methods have been recently developed for calibrating model parameters for elastoplastic soil models, at present, there are no well‐established, simple, and objective methods for selecting parameter values in the BBM from laboratory tests. This has been one of the major obstacles to the dissemination of this constitutive model beyond the research context. This article presents an optimization approach especially developed for simple and objective identification of material parameters in the BBM. This is achieved by combining a modified state surface approach, recently proposed to model the elastoplastic behavior of unsaturated soils under isotropic stress conditions, with the Newton or quasi‐Newton method to simultaneously determine the five parameters governing isotropic virgin behavior in the BBM. The comparison between results using the proposed method and an existing method for the same laboratory tests was discussed from which the simplicity and objectivity of the proposed method were evaluated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of the FEBEX multi‐barrier system including thermoplasticity of unsaturated bentonite

Deep geological repository involving a multibarrier system constitutes one of the most promising options for isolating high‐level radioactive waste from the human environment. To certify the efficiency of waste isolation, it is essential to understand the behaviour of confining geomaterial under a variety of environmental conditions. To this end, results from a near‐to‐real experiment, the full‐scale engineered barriers in situ experiment, are studied by means of a thermo–hydro–mechanical finite element approach, including a consistent thermoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils. Laboratory tests are simulated to calibrate model parameters. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with sensor measurements and show the ability of the model to reproduce the main behavioural features of the system. The influence of the hysteretic and temperature‐dependent retention of water on the mechanical response is exhibited. Finally, those results are interpreted in the light of thermoplasticity of unsaturated soils, which reveals the highly coupled and non‐linear characters of the processes encountered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A two‐dimensional model of hydraulic performance of stormwater infiltration systems

Stormwater infiltration systems are a popular method for urban stormwater control. They are often designed using an assumption of one‐dimensional saturated outflow, although this is not very accurate for many typical designs where two‐dimensional (2D) flows into unsaturated soils occur. Available 2D variably saturated flow models are not commonly used for design because of their complexity and difficulties with the required boundary conditions. A purpose‐built stormwater infiltration system model was thus developed for the simulation of 2D flow from a porous storage. The model combines a soil moisture–based model for unsaturated soils with a ponded storage model and uses a wetting front‐tracking approach for saturated flows. The model represents the main physical processes while minimizing input data requirements. The model was calibrated and validated using data from laboratory 2D stormwater infiltration trench experiments. Calibrations were undertaken using five different combinations of calibration data to examine calibration data requirements. It was found that storage water levels could be satisfactorily predicted using parameters calibrated with either data from laboratory soils tests or observed water level data, whereas the prediction of soil moistures was improved through the addition of observed soil moisture data to the calibration data set. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.