Regional- and district-level drivers of timber harvesting in European Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the forestry sector in Russia underwent substantial changes: the state forestry sector was decentralized, the timber industry was privatized, and timber use rights were allocated through short- and long-term leases. To date, there has been no quantitative assessment of the drivers of timber harvesting in European Russia following these changes. In this paper we estimate an econometric model of timber harvesting using remote sensing estimations of forest disturbance from 1990–2000 to 2000–2005 as our dependent variable. We aggregate forest disturbance to administrative districts – equivalent to counties in the United States – and test the impact of several biophysical and economic factors on timber harvesting. Additionally, we examine the impact that regions – equivalent to states in the United States and the main level of decentralized governance in Russia – have on timber harvesting by estimating the influence of regional-level effects on forest disturbance in our econometric model. Russian regions diverged considerably in political and economic conditions after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the question is if these variations impacted timber harvesting after controlling for district-level biophysical and economic drivers. We find that the most important drivers of timber harvesting at the district level are road density, the percent of evergreen forest, and the total area of forest. The influence of these variables on timber harvesting changed over time and there was more harvesting closer to urban areas in 2000–2005. Even though district-level variables explain more than 70 percent of the variation in forest disturbance in our econometric model, we find that regional-level effects remain statistically significant. While we cannot identify the exact mechanism through which regional-level effects impact timber harvesting, our results suggest that sub-national differences can have a large and statistically significant impact on land-use outcomes and should be considered in policy design and evaluation.     

冰雹云初始扰动的数值研究

充分考虑贵州低纬、高原山区特色,建立了复杂地形下的三维动力学数值模式,模拟了由于下垫面的热力和动力不均匀造成的对流云的初始扰动,并将此模式与完全弹性的三维冰雹云催化数值模式结合,对高原山区冰雹进行数值预报,使贵州威宁地区冰雹预报的空报率由42.9%减少到22.6%,预报概括率由80.2%增加到92.3%。     

台风"凤凰"强降水过程中的波作用诊断分析

介绍了“扰动热力切变平流参数”的概念,并基于此概念及波流相互作用的理论,对登陆台风“凤凰”2008年7月27日00:00－31日00:00(世界时)的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.通过采用ARPS模式的资料,对波作用密度M和波作用通量散度▽·F进行计算,分析其与6h累积地面降水的关系.结果表明,波作用密度的异常值区始终覆盖观测雨区,二者在水平分布和时间演变趋势上比较相似,该波作用密度能够比较准确地综合表征强降水系统典型的动力场和热力场扰动的垂直结构,因而与降水系统的发生演变密切相关,其正高值区与观测的6h累积地面降水具有良好的对应关系.同时对波作用通量散度▽·F的分析表明,在登陆台风引发的暴雨过程中,非地转风位涡扰动和一阶扰动平流与动力场和热力场扰动梯度耦合项是影响扰动热力切变平流异常变化的主要强迫项.进一步分析表明扰动与基本态的交换主要是扰动热量平流交换,而扰动动量平流交换非常弱.     

基于潜在植被的拉市海流域生态退化研究（英文）

生态退化是当前世界共同面临的问题,深刻影响着人类的可持续发展。本文以拉市海流域为研究案例,利用Logistic逐步回归模型模拟该区域的潜在植被,并将其作为区域生态退化的参考系统,进而分析该区域的实际退化程度及其分布特征。结果表明：（1）拉市海流域强人类干扰集中在拉市海坝子内,影响因子主要是道路、居民点和耕地;（2）除湖泊外,拉市海存在8种潜在植被类型,其中常绿针叶林为绝对优势群落,其他7种分别是温性草甸、草丛、滩地、常绿阔叶灌木林、落叶阔叶灌木林、温性草原和高寒草原;（3）高程和土壤平均磷含量对多种植被的潜在分布影响显著,不同的植被类型,对于环境因子具有不同的敏感性;（4）整体上,流域生态退化程度较轻,其中未退化区域占比近半数,轻度退化面积约占1/4,中度退化区集中分布在强人类干扰区,占18.64%;重度退化较少发生,面积仅占全流域面积的3.17%。     

Interaction of Orographic Disturbance with Front

1.IntroductionTheimportanceoforographiceffectsonfrontwasrecognizedintheearly20thcentury.Butforthecomplexityofthisproblem,theinvestigationoforographiceffectsonfrontfromdynamicalviewpointisnottakenuntilthe1980s.Bannon(1983)derivedanalyticalsolutionsforthequasi--geostrophicfrontforcedbyahorizontalwinddeformationfieldthatmovesoveratwo--dimensionalmountainridge.Thesolutionsshowthatasacoldfrontapproachestheridge,itweakens,relativetotheflat--bottomsolution,andthefrontstrengthensasitmovesdowntothelees…     

模拟扰动条件下太湖沉积物的再悬浮特征

采用沉积物再悬浮振荡器在0.2~0.5N/m2的切应力和60~1800s的持续振荡时间下,对太湖沉积物原状芯样的再悬浮特征开展模拟实验研究,揭示切应力大小和外力作用时间对沉积物再悬浮的影响。实验结果表明,振荡初期,上覆水中悬浮物浓度上升速率较快,随振荡时间延长,上升速率减缓,浓度趋于稳定;且浓度上升速率随切应力增加呈显著增大趋势。此外,悬浮物沉降通量随振荡时间而增大,而再悬浮通量呈相反变化趋势,两者的时间变化曲线逐渐接近,最终达到动态平衡。室内模拟试验观测值与太湖现场观测结果的对比表明,该模拟装置能够在室内可控条件下较好地反映太湖沉积物再悬浮特征。     

黄土受强夯扰动的工程特性与环境公害研究

通过湿陷性黄土地基强夯处理原位测试试验,对强夯引起的湿陷性黄土物理力学特性、密实度、湿陷性、比贯入阻力和承载力变化等扰动特性进行了系统的研究,并划分了不同的扰动区域;同时对强夯所引起周围建筑物的环境公害进行了分析。在实测统计资料基础上,提出了不利扰动影响系数,该扰动影响系数不仅考虑了振动的基本特征,而且考虑了包括建筑物刚度、强度、高度、基础情况以及隔振措施等综合影响因素,其结果可作为强夯振动的扰动评价依据。     

徐庄子地震台地磁观测干扰因素剖析

为充分认识地磁观测环境中的各种干扰因素,提升台站观测人员对数据异常的识别能力,确保提供真实有效的高质量观测数据,以天津市徐庄子地震台地磁观测为例,阐述地磁观测中存在的多种干扰因素及形态特征和预处理方法。分析表明,徐庄子地震台地磁GM4磁通门磁力仪主要受高压直流输电、地铁运营、过往车辆、地电供电、GPS整点授时、磁扰以及雷电等因素的影响,干扰形态主要表现为尖峰、台阶、扰动等,并总结说明高压直流输电线路的干扰鉴定方式、幅度及干扰时段等。     

Water resource utilization efficiency and spatial spillover effects in China

Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the unde- sirable output, this paper estimates the water resources utilization efficiency in China from 1997 to 2011. The spatial weighting matrix based on economy-spatial distance function is established to discuss spatial autocorrelation of water resources utilization efficiency. With the help of absolute/3-convergence model, this paper concludes that there exists/%convergence in the water resources utilization efficiency. Under the conditions of considering and without considering the undesirable output, it takes about 52.6 and 5.6 years respectively to achieve the extent of half of convergence. By mean of the spatial Durbin econometric model, this paper studies spatial spillover effects of the provincial water resources utilization efficiency in China. The results are as follows. 1） With considering and without considering the undesir- able output, there is significant spatial correlation in provincial water resource efficiency in China. 2） Under the two cases, the spatial autoregressive coefficients （p） are 0.278 and 0.507 respectively, at 1% significance level. There exist the spatial spillover effects of provin- cial water resources utilization efficiency. 3） With considering the undesirable output, these factors of the education funds, the transportation infrastructure, and the industrial and agri- cultural water consumption proportion have positive impacts. These factors of foreign direct investment, the industry value-added water consumption per ten thousand yuan, per capita water consumption, and the total precipitation have negative impacts. 4） Without considering the undesirable output, the factor of GDP per laborer has a greater positive significant influ- ence on the water resources utilization efficiency. However the facts of industry value-added water consumption in ten thousand yuan and the transportation infrastructure have no sig- nificant influence. 5） Regardless of undesirable output of water resources utilization efficiency the assessment of the present real water resources utilization in China will be distorted and policy-making will be misled. The water efficiency measure considering environmental factors （such as gray water footprint） is more reasonable.     

泰山景观人为干扰的程度及其影响分析

利用1986年和2001年两期TM影像,在GIS支持下,采用人为影响程度的比重和景观指数等多指标比重分析法以及人为影响类型极性分析法,对泰山景观的人为影响程度和景观结构变化作用方向进行定量描述。结果表明,人为影响类型极性分析法可以较理想地定量描述景观结构变化作用的方向和程度。在泰山风观区,景观人为综合极性影响可以划分为5个大类,影响程度可以划分为3个级别。15a来人为综合影响为正极性作用方向,其中Ⅱ级中度影响区影响系数最小,是泰山生态安全决策必须首先重视的区域。